Thesaur. Monumentor. Eccl. et Hist. ed. Basnage, Tom. II. P. I. p. 99, seq. Also in Mabillon Acta Sanctor. Ord. Benedict. Sæc. III. P. II. p. 365. The latter editor gives the date A. D. 786.— St. Willibald was born in England, and became bishop of Eichstädt in Germany A. D. 742. There exist two recensions of this tract, both of which are given by Mabillon. See Brocardus below. c. 870. BERNHARDI (Sapientis Monachi) Itinerarium in Loca Sancta, in Mabillon Acta Sanctor. Ord. Benedict. Sæc. III. P. II. p. 523. Printed also from a MS. in the Cotton Library in “Relations des Voyages de Guil. de Rubruk, Bernard le Sage, et Saewulf, par F. Michel et T. Wright," 4to. Paris, 1839. p. 201, seq.— Mabillon's copy contains only the very brief Itinerary of Bernard and his two companions; that of Michel and Wright gives also a more particular account of the sacred places, which is merely written out from the tract of Adamnanus, probably by a later hand. Bernard relates that he received the benediction of the pope Nicholas in the beginning of his journey; doubtless the first of that name, who died A. D. 867; for there was no other pope Nicholas until A. D. 1059. This justifies the date of A. D. 870, which is assigned to this Itinerary by William of Malmsbury, de Regibus Anglor. cap. 2. See Beckmann, II. p. 518. The Cotton and Oxford MSS. give the date erroneously, A. D. 970.

1096-1125. FULCHERII CARNOTENSIS Gesta Peregrinantium Francorum cum armis Hierusalem pergentium ; in Bongar's "Gesta Dei per Francos," p. 381. More complete in Du Chesne Scriptores Francic. Tom. IV. p. 816. Paris 1641.-Fulcher of Chartres, a monk or presbyter, accompanied Robert duke of Normandy to Palestine in the first crusade, A. D. 1096. His history extends from A. D. 1095 to A. D. 1124.'

1102-3. SEWULFI Relatio de Peregrinatione ad Hierosolymam et Terram Sanctam ; printed for the first time in Michel and Wright's "Relations des Voyages de Guil. de Rubruk, etc." Paris, 1839. 4to, p. 237, seq.

c. 1125. DANIEL (Igoumen) Journey to the Holy Land. Daniel was a Russian Abbot (Hyovuevos) who visited Palestine in the beginning of the twelfth century. His journal is one of the earliest documents of the old Slavonic language, and was first printed in "Puteshest wia Russkich ludei w tchuja zemli," or

"Travels of the Russians in foreign Lands," St. Petersburg, 1837. 8.

c. 1150. EL-EDRISI Geographia Universalis, containing an account of Palestine about the middle of the twelfth century. Extracts in Arabic, Rome 1592. 4to. Madrid 1799. 8vo. French, Geographie d'EDRISI, par P. A. Jaubert, Tom. I. Paris 1836. 4to. The part which treats of Syria, is printed in Arabic and Latin in Rosenmüller's Analecta Arabica, P. II. Lips. 1828.1

*1160-73. BENJAMIN TUDELENSIS Itinerarium, Travels of Benjamin of Tudela, a Spanish Jew. Often printed, e. g. Hebraice cum Vers. et notis Const. l'Empereur, Lugd. Bat. 1633. 8. French, Voyages de Rabbi Benjamin etc. par J. P. Baratier, 2 Tom. Amst. 1734. 8; also in another version in Bergeron's Voyages, Tom. I. la Haye 1735. 4. Eng. Travels of Rabbi Benjamin, Lond. 1783. 12mo. Hebrew and English, by A. Asher, with Notes, 2 vols. Berlin, 1840. This last is the best edition of all.-Rabbi Benjamin has often been reproached as being full of inaccuracies and fables, and as never having visited the countries he describes. But the former faults are common to the writers of that age; and I have found his account of Palestine, so far as it goes, to be that of an eye-witness, and quite as accurate and trustworthy as any of the narratives of those days.

c. 1175-80. R. PETACHIE Peregrinatio etc. Heb. et Lat. in Wagenseil "Exercitationes sex Varii Argumenti," Altorf, 1687. 4. Alt. et Norimb. 1719. 4. Hebrew and French, Tour du Monde ou Voyages du R. Pethachia, par M. E. Carmoly, Paris 1831. 8.Rabbi Petachia was a Jew of Ratisbon; his Itinerary is of far less value than the preceding work of Rabbi Benjamin.

1175. GERHARDI, Friderici I. in Egyptam et Syriam ad Saladinum legati, Itinerarium, A. D. 1175; in the "Chronica Slavonica Helmoldi et Arnoldi Abbatis Lubicensis," ed. Bangart, Lub. 1702. 4. p. 516, seq.-Gerhard travelled from Egypt to Damascus by way of Sinai and the east side of the Dead Sea, passing through Bostra. The Itinerary is inserted by Arnold of Lübeck in his Chronicle; it is brief and of little importance.

*1182-85. WILLERMUS (GUIL.) TYRENSIS Historia Rerum in partibus transmarinis gestarum etc. seu Historia Belli Sacri; printed Basel 1549. ib. 1560. ib. 1583. Also in Bongar's Gesta Dei per Francos, Hanov. 1611. fol.-This writer, the chief and

1) It is not certain that Edrîsi description is of too much imporhad himself visited Syria, but his tance not to be mentioned here.

most important historian of the crusades, was made archbishop of Tyre in A. D. 1174. He commenced his history in A. D. 1182, (see lib. I. 3,) and brought it down in twenty-two books from the commencement of the crusades to the raising of the siege of Kerak by Saladin, A. D. 1184. This work contains many valuable topographical notices.

1185. JOANNES PHOCAS de Locis Sanctis etc. Gr. et Lat. in the Symmikta of Leo Allatius, Colon. Agr. 1653. 8. Venet. 1733. fol. The Latin version is also printed in the Acta Sanctorum, Maii Tom. II. p. i.-Phocas was a Cretan by birth, and lived as a monk in Patmos. He makes no allusion to the crusaders. The above date is that assigned by L. Allatius.

*c. 1200. BOHAEDDIN Vita et Res gesta Saladini, Arab. et Lat. ed. A. Schultens; cum Ind. Geograph. Lugd. Bat. 1735. fol. and with a new title-page, ibid. 1755.-Saladin died A. D. 1193. Bohaeddin was his secretary and companion. The Geographical Index of Schultens is valuable for the Arabic topography of Palestine and Syria.

c. 1200. GAUFRID (JEFFREY) VINISAUF Iter Hierosolymitanum Regis Anglorum Richardi I; in Historia Anglic. Scriptores ed. Gale, Tom. II. p. 247, seq.

1211. WILLEBRANDI AB OLDENBORG Itinerarium Terrae Sanctae, printed in the Symmikta of Leo Allatius, Colon. Agr. 1653. 8. Venet. 1733. fol.-The author was Canon at Hildesheim.

* c. 1220. JACOBI DE VITRIACO Historia Hierosolymitana, Duaci (Douay) 1597. 8vo. Also in Bongar's Gesta Dei per Francos, Hanov. 1611. fol. and in Martini et Durand Thesaur. nov. Anecdot. Tom. III. Lut. Par. 1717.-The writer, a French priest, became bishop of 'Akka, and composed his history about A. D. 1220, after the first capture of Damietta in A. D. 1219. He died A. D. 1240. See Histoire Lit. de France, T. XVIII. p. 224.

To the twelfth and thirteenth centuries belong also the following Itineraries and Collections, six in number:

I. EUGESIPPUS de Distantiis Locorum Terrae Sanctae, Gr. et Lat. in the Symmikta of Leo Allatius, Colon. Agr. 1653. 8. Venet. 1733. fol. To this tract Allatius has prefixed the date A. D. 1040; but the writer on the very first page speaks of the fortress Mons Regalis in Arabia Petræa as having been built up by King Baldwin I. of Jerusalem; and this took place in A. D. 1115. See Will. Tyr. XI. 26.

II. EPIPHANII HAGIOPOLITA Enarratio Syriae, Urbis Sanctae, etc.

Gr. et Lat. in the Symmikta of Leo Allatius, as above. The writer was a Syrian monk. The date of the tract is uncertain; but it seems to be later than that of Phocas, and earlier than the destruction of the monasteries on Mount Tabor just after the middle of the thirteenth century.

III. JOHANNIS WIRZBURGIENSIS Descriptio Terrae Sanctae, in Pezii Thesaur. Anecdotor. Tom. I. P. III. p. 483. Fabricius places this writer in the early part of the 12th century; Meusel in the 13th. The tract has little value.

IV. Gesta Dei per Francos, etc. (ed. J. Bongars,) Hanoviæ, 1611. fol. This volume contains, besides the histories of Fulcher, William of Tyre, and Jacob de Vitry, various tracts by cotemporary authors on the history of the crusades, e. g. Raimund de Agiles, Albert Aquensis, Guibert, and others.

V.* REINAUD Extraits des Historiens Arabes relatifs aux Guerres des Croisades, Paris, 1829. 8.

VI. In Hakluyt's Voyages, Vol. II. Part I, are contained historical notices of many English pilgrims and crusaders to the Holy Land during the same centuries; but they afford no geographical details of any great value.

c. 1247. JACOBI PANTALEONIS Liber de Terra Sancta. Thi writer, a French priest, became Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem in A. D. 1252. The tract here cited is mentioned by Adrichomius, p. 287; but I have found no other notice of it, and cannot learn that it was ever printed. See le Quien Oriens Christ. III. p. 1257.

*c. 1283. BROCARDI (Borcardi, Burchardi) Locorum Terrae Sanctae Descriptio, Venet. 1519. 8vo. Printed also in Sim. Grynaei Novus Orbis Regionum, etc. fol. Basil. 1532. ibid. 1555. Ed. R. Reineccio, Magdeb. 1587. 4, along with the Itinerary of B. de Saligniaco. Ed. J. Clerico, appended to Euseb. et Hieron. Onomasticon, fol. Amst. 1707, after the edition of Grynæus, and reprinted in Ugolini Thesaur. Tom. VI. A different recension is given by Canisius in Thesaur. Monumentor. Eccl. et Histor. ed. Basnage, Tom. IV. p. 9. German in Reissbuch des heil. Landes.This tract of Brocardus appears to have been a favourite in the convents, and was frequently transcribed. Indeed the monks would seem to have often occupied themselves in writing out this and other like tracts in a different form and style; thus giving, as it were, a new recension of them. There are many manuscripts of Brocardus extant; and even the printed copies VOL. III.

2

exhibit, according to Beckmann, not less than four such recensions. I have myself compared the editions of Reineccius, le Clerc, and Canisius; and although the facts and the order of them are in general the same, yet the language is different; while each has many additions and omissions as compared with the rest. Indeed, two different writers of this name have sometimes been assumed, in order to account for this discrepancy; though without sufficient ground. Compare the parallel, though less striking cases, of St. Willibald and St. Bernard above.-In like manner there is great uncertainty as to the date. All editors refer the tract to the thirteenth century; some to the early part, and some to the close; but the weight of authority seems to lean towards the latter period, or about A. D. 1280. Adrichomius assigns the year 1283; p. 287. See Beckmann 1. c. Vol. II. p. 31, seq. Brocardus himself speaks of Mount Tabor as desolated, which took place in A. D. 1263; cap. VI. p. 175.—The edition referred to in the present work is that of le Clerc.

*1300–30. ABULFEDE Tabula Syriae, Arab. et Lat. ed. J.B.Köhler, Lips. 1766. 4. Also Descriptio Arabiae Ar. et Lat. ed. J. Greaves, in Hudson's Geographiæ vet. Scriptores minores Tom. III. Oxon. 1712. 8.-Abulfeda was Emîr of Hamah in Syria, and describes the country as an eye-witness. A complete edition of his whole geographical work in the original Arabic, was commenced in Paris in 1837 by Reinaud and Mac Guckin de Slane.

*1321. MARINUS SANUTUS Liber Secretorum fidelium Crucis, etc. printed in the 'Gesta Dei per Francos,' Tom. II. The author was a noble Venetian; had travelled much in the East, and apparently visited Palestine; and busied himself for many years. with a plan for the recovery of that country by the Christians. The third book contains a description of the Holy Land. The year A. D. 1321 was that in which he presented his work to the Pope; see p. 1.

1322-56. The Voiage and Travaile of SIR JOHN MAUNDEVILLE Kr. extant in many manuscripts and editions, in English, French, Italian, German and Latin; latest edition Lond. 1839. 8. German in Reissbuch des heil. Landes.-Sir John has been usually regarded as a teller of marvellous stories; but having followed his route from Egypt to Jerusalem, I must do him the justice to say, that his stories are not more marvellous than those of most other pilgrims of those days; while his book, thus far, is quite as correct as most modern travels in the same regions, and much more amusing.