the great gymnasium at one time which owing to its being sunk in the wrongly believed to be itself the lost marble had remained perfect. As the temple, with vast subterranean pas-bull is the well-known symbol of St. sages running under it, mostly choked Luke, it is not improbable that this was with sand. This was succeeded by an- his tomb, and judging by other remains other, which, if not architectural, at in its immediate neighborhood must least gives us one little glimpse into have been a domed circular building ancient life; nothing less than an enor- fifty feet in diameter with sixteen colmous mass of oyster shells, whose con- umns over a high basement, standing tents had once fed the good citizens in the midst of a quadrangle one hunof Ephesus. Thirdly, amongst the dred and fifty-three feet across and remains of a market-place (agora or surrounded by a colonnade. The court forum) an immense baptismal font, the was paved with white marble, and Christian remains of Ephesus being whenever a slab was removed a grave many and scattered throughout the city was seen immediately beneath it; the in its later period. early Christians were so desirous of being buried near a saint or martyr that they were willing to pay considerable sums of money for the privilege.

This font was evidently intended for the public baptism of couverts in considerable parties or perhaps families at a time; it is so constructed that a man may climb over its edge and stand in nine inches of water whilst the baptizer stands dryshod on the raised centre.

The great theatre was the scene of the next stage of discovery, a vast horseshoe, when perfect, no less than four hundred and ninety-five feet in diameter; then the remains of the At this stage of the explorations it stadium; then the Maguerisian and was estimated by Mr. Wood that the Coressian Gates, fortified by towers, whole plain of Ephesus had in the with their triple openings, one for course of centuries silted up no less foot-passengers and two for chariots than twelve feet. Halls of brick, prob- and wagons; many sarcophagi — in ably Roman, faced with marble; Chris- one of them a skeleton and countless tian tombs without number; a mighty fragments of ancient art and architecfoot "sandalled in white marble," then ture, including some sun-dials. a smaller one; two torsos; an early Greek inscription relating to the art of divination by the flight of birds, and then the remains of the lyric theatre on the southern slope of Coressus were successively opened up.

Six years of work had passed and almost every day had brought to light some relic of the city in marble, stone, brick, or mosaic, but no temple! The most beautiful object in the most beautiful city of Asia seemed to recede ever further and further from the baffled investigators.

Christian antiquities of the Apostolic age and of the deepest historic interest cluster round this spot. Walking home Matters were in this stage when a one evening after a long day's superin- fragment of wall near some olive-trees tendence of the excavating parties, Mr. attracted the explorer's attention. An Wood relates that his "weary foot inscription upon it showed that it was struck a block of marble." It was built by the orders of Augustus Cæsar carved with the head of a Greek cross in the twelfth year of his consulate and in a sunk panel; on investigation it eighteenth of his tribunitian power proved to be a door jamb, the upper (B.C. 6), and that it was to be paid for sunk panel having a large cross, the and maintained out of the revenues of lower a bull or buffalo of the country, the Artemisium (Temple of Diana) with a small cross cut over its back. and the Augusteum; subsequent disOn the inner side were the remains of coveries confirmed the idea that this a carved human figure evidently in- was the new peribolus or boundary tended for a saint or martyr, for the wall of the temenos or temple close, head had been encircled by a nimbus, decreed by him when he restricted the

limits of the sanctuary as above de- | found its way, two months after its scribed.

discovery, on board ship. One very important detail should be recorded of this fragment: it is sculptured with a band of human figures in high relief, slightly larger than life, an innovation of great beauty, but one in itself quite enough to make restorers and revivers of the antique stand aghast, such a contingency being nowhere provided for in any system of so-called "Five Orders of Architecture."

ex

The whole work of excavation was now concentrated upon this part of the valley, at some distance, that is to say, at a little less than a mile beyond the limits of the city, and on the 31st of December, 1869, the brilliant colors of the mosaic pavement of the temple were revealed once more. The temple was found. Below, as might have been expected, were considerable remains of the earlier temples — this of More striking and suggestive still course being in strict conformity with were the superb capitals of some of the the ancient custom of building again | Ionic columns; these too were and again on the same site - their cavated and moved with infinite labor, walls and pavement of exquisitely fin- and can be studied, nay, should be ished marble being utilized as part of studied by all who wish to know what the foundations for the later one, and Greek architecture really is, together then further thickened from six feet to with the rest of Mr. Wood's trophies thirteen with new blocks of limestone. in the Ephesus Room of the British Museum. An ornamental lake or basin stood in front of the building; the ground was marshy all about it, and was chosen, it is said, for that very reason, a singular one at first sight, but not unreasonable when followed by the explanation that the country was subject to earthquakes, and a structure whose foundations were sunk deep in a rather damp clay would resist at least minor shocks better than one raised on drier ground.

An immense variety of money was found here, in whose face might be read the changing fortunes and rulers of the Levant; coins of Naples, of Rhodes, of the Seljukian sultans, of Genoa, of the popes, and of Venice. No long time elapsed before the excavators lighted upon a greater relic, by far the most interesting and valuable result of all their labors. Columns are built up of "drums," successive cylinders placed one over another from the base to the capital. One of these was now discovered; it had actually formed part of a column of the great temple. It was of great bulk, and from it some idea could be formed of the vastness of the mighty building. It was quite six Falkener suggests that seven earlier feet in height and over six feet in temples had stood upon this spot; it is diameter; deeply buried in sand and certain that two had done so, the later chips of marble, almost completely of which was burnt by the "chaotic under water and upside down! How malevolence" of Herostratus on the could such a mass be recovered, nay very night that Alexander was born. more, moved to the coast, placed on board ship and conveyed from Asia Minor to Bloomsbury ?— the omnivorous British Museum all this while waiting for its prey.

Fortunately the services of a party of seamen from a British man-of-war, the Caledonia, were obtained; they were under the command of Lieutenant McQuhae and Lieutenant Gambier, and by their help the marble drum

More curious and remarkable than this was the fact that the foundations rested upon masses of closely rammed charcoal and sheepskins, probably to preserve them from the wet.

From the designs of Dinocrates, a Macedonian architect - a phrase to be read with some suspicion, for it is doubtful if professional "architects existed -a third structure arose to show that Ephesus was determined still to possess one of the wonders of the world.

The Temple of Diana of the Ephesians stood upon a platform four hundred and eighteen English feet in length

base.

are

accu

by two hundred and thirty-nine wide; | ing their height fifty-five feet eight the building itself was three hundred and three-quarter inches, including the and forty-two feet by one hundred and sixty-three; octastyle, that is with Measuring from the centre of one eight columns across the ends, dipteral, column to the centre of its neighbor, i.e., the columns surrounding the walls the spacings or "intercolumns in a double rank, a most important seventeen feet one inch each, except at innovation and improvement upon the the ends, where, with great quickness single peristyle of the Parthenon, and of æsthetic feeling, they are widened was the finest building ever raised of to nineteen feet to allow for the inthe Ionic order. The number of col- creased bulk given to the columns by umus is variously stated at one hun- the bands of sculptured figures which dred, one hundred and twenty, one project about fifteen inches; it should hundred and twenty-seven, and one be noted that these figures are not hundred and twenty-eight, but Mr. added to but cut out of the original Wood's investigations seem fairly to width of the columns (or more warrant the restoration which he has rately speaking, of the drums which effected on paper, and to confirm the compose them). It is an art education traditional hundred columns, of which a to stand by some of these splendid certain number were sculptured, prob- marble drums with the clear carving, ably those at the ends where the great crisply edged as if fresh from the doors were; the beautiful fragment in chisel; the flutings running down their the British Museum only shows one sides in bold channels eight and a quarbelt of figures, but a medal of Gor- ter inches wide near the base, and dian's reign shows three such bands, separated, not as in the Doric columns thus carrying the carving more than of the Parthenon by sharp edges (artwenty feet up the column. The ar- rises), but by fillets at least an inch rangement of the columns was prob- wide; let us note too that the outer ably as follows: two lines of eight each columns had each twenty-eight such with two inside these again on either flutes, the inner only twenty-four. side but slightly in front of the door; Much has been written about the the same at the other end. This would origin of the Ionic capital. Almost account for thirty-six. Add two lines everything in which a curl or a twist of sixteen each on each flank, total one could be discovered has been pressed hundred. Although the curling capi- into the service; rams' horns, and tal with its volutes in front and back some marine shells being perhaps the and "balusters" at the sides is the most reasonable, but Sir Henry Layard popular symbol of the great change is probably nearer the truth than any in from the Doric to the Ionic, it is not deriving the curving volutes from Asthe most important part of it; its sig- syria, a supposition greatly strengthened nificance is rather in the lightness and by the existence there of the powerful grace of the new order of which the egg-and-tongue moulding so charactervoluted capital is simply one of the istic of this order, and of the beautiful results. Although the mighty columns palmette and honeysuckle which are its at Ephesus are half an inch over six greatest ornament. The Erechtheum, feet in diameter, delicacy rather than the little Ionic temple which stands bestrength is the prevailing note of the side the Parthenon, has a band or Ionic system. In architecture all necking of palmette round each column things yield in importance to propor- just under the capital, or- as some tion, and it is to this element far more think-to be considered as forming than details, however beautiful, that part of it; an entire column from this ancient buildings owe their charm. | building may be seen in the British The columns though vast, are propor- Museum, and compared with the capitionately slender, no less indeed than tals and drums from Ephesus in the eight and a half diameters high, mak-adjoining room. The contrast is re

markable, not only in regard to this | of streets are styled portici — connected detail, but in other respects; the the temple with the town; four colonErechtheum column is very small and naded courts - though the authorities has turned to a deep brown color, al- are not quite clear upon this-stood most chocolate; the fragments from about it, and the sheet of water in the Temple of Diana are gigantic, the front must have immensely enhanced eggs" in the egg-and-tongue carving the architectural effect. There is no are larger than a man's head; the mar- reason to think that the temple was ble is fresh and light, a delicate cream isolated; the courts and the covered color, and looks as if only yesterday road, and in all probability other buildhewn from the quarry. Here, as in the ings-for we read of a "banqueting Parthenon, it is certain that the cap-hall" attached to it—were sufficiently itals and the entablature above were near to group with it and to give it greatly enriched by colors; light orange red, crimson, and blue; no building of antiquity was without it. The base which distinguishes this order from the Doric seems to balance the rich capital above, and to be in some way called for by the comparative slenderness of the shaft; for large as these columns are, they are essentially delicate in form, and at a little distance look in some instances almost too attenuated; it is a not unreasonable supposition that they were derived from a wooden architecture of earlier date, in which a shoe or socket would certainly be required for a wooden column. Its usual form for the exceptions to the rule are many -is that of two broad tori (a torus is a bold convex moulding), with a deep scotia (concave) between. On one of these mouldings at Ephesus parts of a dedicatory inscription were found; it is probable that this column was a gift to the temple; that many were so bestowed by individuals, communities, or sometimes by reigning sovereigns, is well known.

The frieze though our teachers will have it that in the Ionic order this is generally quite plain was finely sculptured; bold lions' heads, and antefixæ at intervals, broke the honeysuckle ornament which ran along the summit of the cornice, and the roof was covered with slabs of white marble about four feet wide, their joints covered with tiles; the usual custom of the ancients to leave a large opening in the roof was probably followed here. A covered road or extended portico - the true meaning of the word being preserved in Italy, where the covered pavements

scale. Nothing is more remarkable in
our modern buildings than their isola-
tion; on approaching one of them the
spectator is reminded of Sir Frederick
Leighton's description of Cleopatra's
Needle in its awkward perch upon
the Embankment—" emphasizing noth-
ing, by nothing emphasized." Ancient
buildings very rarely stood alone. The
great Gothic churches rise like rocks
out of a sea of roofs; the colleges of
Oxford and Cambridge almost touch
each other; Rome was literally crowded
with buildings; even the Parthenon
does not stand alone on the Acropolis
at Athens. The " opening out "
"disengaging" of Westminster Abbey
has dwarfed the great church so utterly,
and the eye is so gradually accustomed
to the scale by the long, unobstructed
approach, that it is very difficult to
realize its grandeur externally; the
removal of St. Margaret's― clamored
for by some modern iconoclasts — is all
that is wanted to reduce that noble
building to the region of commonplace.

or

But after all, what are orders and styles, nay, even planning and proportion, but the skeleton of buildings? The great "wonder" of the place was not so much the temple as the treasures of classic art which filled and - -SO it would seem surrounded it. It is hard for us to realize the part played by statuary in the classical times; in Rome the statues were so numerous that it was said that the dead figures outnumbered the living.

so Diana was popularly called in no such pedantry; each age had its Ephesus, and many of the inscriptions architecture, which was simply the exare in Greek and Latin, -represented, pression of its wants; no sharp line of as is generally believed, with a sort of division, no particular date marks the embattled, turret-like crown; the torso end of a style; no edict was ever isnot human, and thence diminishing sued that on a particular day the new gradually (like the "terms" placed to order should be adopted. There were mark boundaries) towards the feet; so fashions in art as there were fashions formed as to resemble a figure enclosed in dress, but architecture, however in a long basket, through whose end beautiful, was always strictly subordiprojected the feet and some drapery; nated to use, convenience, and the the forebodies of two stags appear special purposes of the building. from behind; the hands slightly raised and holding two long wands. Praxiteles has also been suggested as its artist; it is however quite uncertain; he will perhaps be remembered as the first sculptor to represent Aphrodite undraped. On the crown, girdle, and feet of Diana were curious characters, the so-called Ephesian letters; these, copied on scrolls of parchment, were solid and used as charms.

Diana, to whom this stately temple arose, was a goddess of numerous and contradictory attributes. She was associated with the moon, as Apollo, her brother, was with the sun; presided over the chase, and traversed the woods with her train of nymphs, clothed in the skin of a hind, a quiver hanging from her shoulder. She was the goddess of Arcadia, where temples arose to her in scores, and every spring and river supplied her with an epithet. She is Lucina, Luna, Bubastis, Hekate; although the assuager of pain, and author of abundant harvests, of peace and of health, yet she is in some places supposed to require human sacrifices, a relic of which tradition may be found in the scourging of Spartan youths before her wooden statue. Her attire varies in different countries; sometimes the hair is gathered in a knot behind the head; sometimes collected above it in the Dorian manner; the dress also undergoing a change to a Doric vest with Cretan shoes a dead stag lying at her feet.

The interior was of great splendor, though beyond the beautiful pavement discovered by Mr. Wood, which showed traces of the effects of an earthquake, enough is not known for us to say much upon the system of ornament; but cedar and cypress, gold and jewels figured in it, and some of the internal columns were of green jasper. One capital was found by Mr. Wood, and shows the ceaseless development and growth of architecture. The temple is Ionic; this capital, now in the Museum, is Corinthian. At the Parthenon, which is Doric, Ionic details are found in the interior, and it would seem that both buildings were raised at a time when a change of taste was commencing. According to modern ideas a style, an order, even a period, are things whose "correctness" can be measured by a particular standard to which all ancient examples must be taken, and to which all modern revivals must conform. Had such dogma been known to the ancients they would never have advanced beyond one type, and the human race would have been The effect of this last supposed charcondemned to go on building Hypostyle acteristic upon her greatest city-the halls, or repeating the Parthenon down temple probably arising over her supto the present day. Happily for man-posed birthplace is well known, and kind the ancients were trammelled by Ephesus was the city of sorcery. A

She was worshipped in all crossways (Trivia, three ways); she figured as the "overseer of harbors ;" ." but per haps her prettiest title was Amnium Domina, Lady of Streams.

She was pre-eminently the goddess of magic and enchantments, and the magicians of Thessaly pretended that by her aid they could cause eclipses and draw down the moon from the heavens.