the great gymnasium-at one time which owing to its being sunk in the wrongly believed to be itself the lost marble had remained perfect. As the temple, with vast subterranean pas-bull is the well-known symbol of St. sages running under it, mostly choked Luke, it is not improbable that this was with sand. This was succeeded by an- his tomb, and judging by other remains other, which, if not architectural, at in its immediate neighborhood must least gives us one little glimpse into have been a domed circular building ancient life; nothing less than an enor- fifty feet in diameter with sixteen colmous mass of oyster shells, whose con- umns over a high basement, standing tents had once fed the good citizens in the midst of a quadrangle one hunof Ephesus. Thirdly, amongst the dred and fifty-three feet across and remains of a market-place (agora or surrounded by a colonnade. The court forum) an immense baptismal font, the was paved with white marble, and Christian remains of Ephesus being whenever a slab was removed a grave many and scattered throughout the city was seen immediately beneath it; the in its later period. early Christians were so desirous of being buried near a saint or martyr that they were willing to pay considerable sums of money for the privilege.

This font was evidently intended for the public baptism of converts in considerable parties or perhaps families at a time; it is so constructed that a man may climb over its edge and stand in nine inches of water whilst the baptizer stands dryshod on the raised

centre.

The great theatre was the scene of the next stage of discovery, a vast horseshoe, when perfect, no less than four hundred and ninety-five feet in diameter; then the remains of the At this stage of the explorations it stadium; then the Maguerisian and was estimated by Mr. Wood that the Coressian Gates, fortified by towers, whole plain of Ephesus had in the with their triple openings, one for course of centuries silted up no less foot-passengers and two for chariots than twelve feet. Halls of brick, prob- and wagons; many sarcophagi in ably Roman, faced with marble; Chris- one of them a skeleton- and countless tian tombs without number; a mighty fragments of ancient art and architecfoot "sandalled in white marble," then ture, including some sun-dials. a smaller one; two torsos; an early Greek inscription relating to the art of divination by the flight of birds, and then the remains of the lyric theatre on the southern slope of Coressus were successively opened up.

Christian antiquities of the Apostolic age and of the deepest historic interest cluster round this spot. Walking home one evening after a long day's superintendence of the excavating parties, Mr. Wood relates that his "weary foot struck a block of marble." It was carved with the head of a Greek cross in a sunk panel; on investigation it proved to be a door jamb, the upper sunk panel having a large cross, the lower a bull or buffalo of the country, with a small cross cut over its back. On the inner side were the remains of a carved human figure evidently intended for a saint or martyr, for the head had been encircled by a nimbus,

Six years of work had passed and almost every day had brought to light some relic of the city in marble, stone, brick, or mosaic, but no temple! The most beautiful object in the most beautiful city of Asia seemed to recede ever further and further from the baffled investigators.

Matters were in this stage when a fragment of wall near some olive-trees attracted the explorer's attention. An inscription upon it showed that it was built by the orders of Augustus Cæsar in the twelfth year of his consulate and eighteenth of his tribunitian power (B.C. 6), and that it was to be paid for and maintained out of the revenues of the Artemisium (Temple of Diana) and the Augusteum; subsequent discoveries confirmed the idea that this was the new peribolus or boundary wall of the temenos or temple close, decreed by him when he restricted the

limits of the sanctuary as above de- | found its way, two months after its scribed.

The whole work of excavation was now concentrated upon this part of the valley, at some distance, that is to say, at a little less than a mile beyond the limits of the city, and on the 31st of December, 1869, the brilliant colors of the mosaic pavement of the temple were revealed once more. The temple was found. Below, as might have been expected, were considerable remains of the earlier temples — this of course being in strict conformity with the ancient custom of building again and again on the same site-their walls and pavement of exquisitely finished marble being utilized as part of the foundations for the later one, and then further thickened from six feet to thirteen with new blocks of limestone.

discovery, on board ship. One very important detail should be recorded of this fragment: it is sculptured with a band of human figures in high relief, slightly larger than life, an innovation of great beauty, but one in itself quite enough to make restorers and revivers of the antique stand aghast, such a contingency being nowhere provided for in any system of so-called “Five Orders of Architecture."

More striking and suggestive still were the superb capitals of some of the Ionic columns; these too were excavated and moved with infinite labor, and can be studied, nay, should be studied by all who wish to know what Greek architecture really is, together with the rest of Mr. Wood's trophies in the Ephesus Room of the British Museum. An ornamental lake or basin stood in front of the building; the ground was marshy all about it, and was chosen, it is said, for that very reason, a singular one at first sight, but not unreasonable when followed by the explanation that the country was subject to earthquakes, and a structure whose foundations were sunk deep in a rather damp clay would resist at least minor shocks better than one raised on drier ground.

An immense variety of money was found here, in whose face might be read the changing fortunes and rulers of the Levant; coins of Naples, of Rhodes, of the Seljukian sultans, of Genoa, of the popes, and of Venice. No long time elapsed before the excavators lighted upon a greater relic, by far the most interesting and valuable result of all their labors. Columns are built up of "drums," successive cylinders placed one over another from the base to the capital. One of these was now discovered; it had actually formed part of a column of the great temple. It was of great bulk, and from it some idea could be formed of the vastness of the mighty building. It was quite six Falkener suggests that seven earlier feet in height and over six feet in temples had stood upon this spot; it is diameter; deeply buried in sand and certain that two had done so, the later chips of marble, almost completely of which was burnt by the "chaotic under water and upside down! How malevolence" of Herostratus on the could such a mass be recovered, nay very night that Alexander was born. more, moved to the coast, placed on From the designs of Dinocrates, a board ship and conveyed from Asia Macedonian architect Minor to Bloomsbury ?- the omnivorous British Museum all this while waiting for its prey.

More curious and remarkable than this was the fact that the foundations rested upon masses of closely rammed charcoal and sheepskins, probably to preserve them from the wet.

a phrase to be read with some suspicion, for it is doubtful if professional "architects" existed -a third structure arose to show that Ephesus was determined still to possess one of the wonders of the world.

Fortunately the services of a party of seamen from a British man-of-war, the Caledonia, were obtained; they were under the command of Lieuten- The Temple of Diana of the Epheant McQuhae and Lieutenant Gambier, sians stood upon a platform four hunand by their help the marble drum dred and eighteen English feet in length

Measuring from the centre of one column to the centre of its neighbor, the spacings or "intercolumns " are seventeen feet one inch each, except at the ends, where, with great quickness of æsthetic feeling, they are widened to nineteen feet to allow for the increased bulk given to the columns by the bands of sculptured figures which project about fifteen inches; it should be noted that these figures are not added to but cut out of the original width of the columns (or more accurately speaking, of the drums which compose them). It is an art education to stand by some of these splendid marble drums with the clear carving, crisply edged as if fresh from the chisel; the flutings running down their sides in bold channels eight and a quarter inches wide near the base, and separated, not as in the Doric columns of the Parthenon by sharp edges (arrises), but by fillets at least an inch wide; let us note too that the outer columns had each twenty-eight such flutes, the inner only twenty-four.

by two hundred and thirty-nine wide; | ing their height fifty-five feet eight the building itself was three hundred and three-quarter inches, including the and forty-two feet by one hundred and base. sixty-three; octastyle, that is with eight columns across the ends, dipteral, i.e., the columns surrounding the walls in a double rank, a most important innovation and improvement upon the single peristyle of the Parthenon, and was the finest building ever raised of the Ionic order. The number of columus is variously stated at one hundred, one hundred and twenty, one hundred and twenty-seven, and one hundred and twenty-eight, but Mr. Wood's investigations seem fairly to warrant the restoration which he has effected on paper, and to confirm the traditional hundred columns, of which a certain number were sculptured, probably those at the ends where the great doors were; the beautiful fragment in the British Museum only shows one belt of figures, but a medal of Gordian's reign shows three such bands, thus carrying the carving more than twenty feet up the column. The arrangement of the columns was probably as follows: two lines of eight each with two inside these again on either side but slightly in front of the door; Much has been written about the the same at the other end. This would origin of the Ionic capital. Almost account for thirty-six. Add two lines everything in which a curl or a twist of sixteen each on each flank, total one could be discovered has been pressed hundred. Although the curling capi- into the service; rams' horns, and tal with its volutes in front and back some marine shells being perhaps the and "balusters" at the sides is the most reasonable, but Sir Henry Layard popular symbol of the great change is probably nearer the truth than any in from the Doric to the Ionic, it is not deriving the curving volutes from Asthe most important part of it; its sig- syria, a supposition greatly strengthened nificance is rather in the lightness and by the existence there of the powerful grace of the new order of which the egg-and-tongue moulding so charactervoluted capital is simply one of the istic of this order, and of the beautiful results. Although the mighty columns palmette and honeysuckle which are its at Ephesus are half an inch over six greatest ornament. The Erechtheum, feet in diameter, delicacy rather than the little Ionic temple which stands bestrength is the prevailing note of the side the Parthenon, has a band or Ionic system. In architecture all necking of palmette round each column things yield in importance to propor- just under the capital, or - as some tion, and it is to this element far more think- to be considered as forming than details, however beautiful, that part of it; an eutire column from this ancient buildings owe their charm. building may be seen in the British The columns though vast, are propor- Museum, and compared with the capitionately slender, no less indeed than tals and drums from Ephesus in the eight and a half diameters high, mak- adjoining room. The contrast is re

markable, not only in regard to this | of streets are styled portici - connected detail, but in other respects; the the temple with the town; four colonErechtheum column is very small and naded courts — though the authorities has turned to a deep brown color, al- are not quite clear upon this-stood most chocolate; the fragments from about it, and the sheet of water in the Temple of Diana are gigantic, the front must have immensely enhanced "eggs" in the egg-and-tongue carving the architectural effect. There is no are larger than a man's head; the mar-reason to think that the temple was ble is fresh and light, a delicate cream isolated; the courts and the covered color, and looks as if only yesterday road, and in all probability other buildhewn from the quarry. Here, as in the ings- for we read of 66 a banqueting Parthenon, it is certain that the cap-hall" attached to it—were sufficiently itals and the entablature above were near to group with it and to give it greatly enriched by colors; light orange scale. Nothing is more remarkable in red, crimson, and blue; no building of our modern buildings than their isolaantiquity was without it. The base tion; on approaching one of them the which distinguishes this order from the spectator is reminded of Sir Frederick Doric seems to balance the rich capital Leighton's description of Cleopatra's above, and to be in some way called for Needle in its awkward perch upon by the comparative slenderness of the the Embankment -" emphasizing nothshaft; for large as these columns are, ing, by nothing emphasized." Ancient they are essentially delicate in form, buildings very rarely stood alone. The and at a little distance look in some great Gothic churches rise like rocks instances almost too attenuated; it is out of a sea of roofs; the colleges of a not unreasonable supposition that Oxford and Cambridge almost touch they were derived from a wooden archi- each other; Rome was literally crowded tecture of earlier date, in which a shoe with buildings; even the Parthenon or socket would certainly be required does not stand alone on the Acropolis for a wooden column. Its usual form at Athens. The "opening out" or for the exceptions to the rule are many "disengaging" of Westminster Abbey -is that of two broad tori (a torus is has dwarfed the great church so utterly, a bold convex moulding), with a deep and the eye is so gradually accustomed scotia (concave) between. On one of to the scale by the long, unobstructed these mouldings at Ephesus parts of a approach, that it is very difficult to dedicatory inscription were found; it realize its grandeur externally; the is probable that this column was a gift removal of St. Margaret's— clamored to the temple; that many were so be- for by some modern iconoclasts — is all stowed by individuals, communities, or that is wanted to reduce that noble sometimes by reigning sovereigns, is building to the region of commonplace. well known.

But after all, what are orders and The frieze — though our teachers will styles, nay, even planning and proporhave it that in the Ionic order this is tion, but the skeleton of buildings? generally quite plain was finely sculp- The great "wonder" of the place was tured; bold lions' heads, and antefixæ not so much the temple as the treasat intervals, broke the honeysuckle or-ures of classic art which filled and — so nament which ran along the summit of it would seem surrounded it. It is the cornice, and the roof was covered with slabs of white marble about four feet wide, their joints covered with tiles; the usual custom of the ancients to leave a large opening in the roof was probably followed here. A covered road or extended portico - the true meaning of the word being preserved in Italy, where the covered pavements

hard for us to realize the part played by statuary in the classical times; in Rome the statues were so numerous that it was said that the dead figures outnumbered the living.

Some of the sculptured columns are by Phocas, and by him possibly was the strange image which gave such importance to the temple; Artemis — for

so Diana was popularly called in no such pedantry; each age had its Ephesus, and many of the inscriptions architecture, which was simply the exare in Greek and Latin, -represented, pression of its wants; no sharp line of as is generally believed, with a sort of division, no particular date marks the embattled, turret-like crown; the torso end of a style; no edict was ever isnot human, and thence diminishing sued that on a particular day the new gradually (like the "terms" placed to order should be adopted. There were mark boundaries) towards the feet; so fashions in art as there were fashions formed as to resemble a figure enclosed in dress, but architecture, however in a long basket, through whose end beautiful, was always strictly subordiprojected the feet and some drapery; nated to use, convenience, and the the forebodies of two stags appear special purposes of the building. from behind; the hands slightly raised and holding two long wands. Praxiteles has also been suggested as its artist; it is however quite uncertain; he will perhaps be remembered as the first sculptor to represent Aphrodite undraped. On the crown, girdle, and feet of Diana were curious characters, the so-called Ephesian letters; these, copied on scrolls of parchment, were solid and used as charms.

Diana, to whom this stately temple arose, was a goddess of numerous and contradictory attributes. She was associated with the moon, as Apollo, her brother, was with the sun; presided over the chase, and traversed the woods with her train of nymphs, clothed in the skin of a hind, a quiver hanging from her shoulder. She was the goddess of Arcadia, where temples arose to her in scores, and every spring and river supplied her with an epithet. She is Lucina, Luna, Bubastis, Hekate; although the assuager of pain, and author of abundant harvests, of peace and of health, yet she is in some places supposed to require human sacrifices, a relic of which tradition may be found in the scourging of Spartan youths before her wooden statue. Her attire varies in different countries; sometimes the hair is gathered in a knot behind the head; sometimes collected above it in the Dorian manner; the dress also undergoing a change to a Doric vest with Cretan shoes - a dead stag lying at her feet.

The interior was of great splendor, though beyond the beautiful pavement discovered by Mr. Wood, which showed traces of the effects of an earthquake, enough is not known for us to say much upon the system of ornament; but cedar and cypress, gold and jewels figured in it, and some of the internal columns were of green jasper. One capital was found by Mr. Wood, and shows the ceaseless development and growth of architecture. The temple is Ionic; this capital, now in the Museum, is Corinthian. At the Parthenon, which is Doric, Ionic details are found in the interior, and it would seem that both buildings were raised at a time when a change of taste was commencing. According to modern ideas a style, an order, even a period, are things whose "correctness" can be measured by a particular standard She was pre-eminently the goddess to which all ancient examples must be of magic and enchantments, and the taken, and to which all modern reviv-magicians of Thessaly pretended that als must conform. Had such dogma by her aid they could cause eclipses been known to the ancients they would and draw down the moon from the never have advanced beyond one type, heavens. and the human race would have been condemned to go on building Hypostyle halls, or repeating the Parthenon down to the present day. Happily for mankind the ancients were trammelled by

She was worshipped in all crossways (Trivia, three ways); she figured as the "overseer of harbors;" but perhaps her prettiest title was Amnium Domina, Lady of Streams.

The effect of this last supposed characteristic upon her greatest city — the temple probably arising over her supposed birthplace is well known, and Ephesus was the city of sorcery. A