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No. 2.-MARCH, 1892. THE OSTEND MANIFESTO, 1854. From the beginning of the dissolution of the Spanish power in America, American statesmen have cast longing eyes upon Cuba. Its nearness, its fertility, its mineral wealth and its command of the Gulf of Mexico have made it desirable. These general reasons were reinforced by the annexation of Louisiana in 1803, and of the Floridas in 1819, suggesting further extensions of territory at the expense of Spain. After the successful revolt of Mexico in 1822 had destroyed the power of Spain on the continent, Jefferson in a letter to President Monroe, Oct. 24, 1823, said: "I candidly confess that I have ever looked on Cuba as the most interesting addition which could be made to our system of States." An additional reason for the interest of the United States was a fear that Great Britain might secure the island. About 1823 our minister to Spain was instructed to notify the Spanish government that we should resent a transfer to any other power. This state of suspicion continued for more than twenty years. About 1845 a new reason for annexation arose, in the desire of Southern statesmen to secure more slaveholding territory. In 1848 an offer of one hundred million dollars for Cuba was made by the United States; the reply of the Spanish government was that "Sooner than see the island transferred to any Power they would prefer seeing it sunk in the ocean.” During the years 1848-1850 several attempts were made to bring about a revolution in Cuba, and expeditions were fitted out in the United States to assist this movement. President Taylor resolutely interfered but the disturbing effect in Europe was such that, on April 23, 1852, the English and French ambassadors to the United States joined in asking this government to unite with them in a tripartite guaranty of Cuba to Spain. On Dec. 1, Secretary Everett in behalf of President Fillmore formally declined to enter into such a guaranty. The question now began to spring up in debates in Congress. On the other hand American vessels trading with Cuba were exposed to arbitrary annoyances and even seizures, and reparation was refused by Spain. Partly as a threat, to bring about a settlement of claims for these aggressions, and partly as an announcement of a spirited foreign policy, President Pierce in 1854 directed our ministers to Spain, England and France-Soulé, Buchanan and Mason-" To compare opinions and to adopt measures for perfect concert of action in aid of the negotiations at Madrid." The three envoys assembled at Ostend, Oct, 8, 1854, whence they later adjourned to Aix-la-Chapelle. There they completed and published the document which follows. The United States was just passing through the Congressional election of 1854, the result of which was the formation of a new political party pledged to resist the extension of slavery. In Europe the Crimean war for several years absorbed attention. The Ostend Manifesto had therefore less effect than had been hoped But as late as 1860 the Breckenridge and Douglas Democratic platforms both contained planks in favor of the annexation of Cuba. The Manifesto was published in the European and American press at the time. It has been reprinted in Cluskey's Political Text-Book or. Encyclopedia pp. 478-481 (Philadelphia, 1860). The official text with the correspondence is to be found in House Executive Documents, 33 Cong. 2 Sess., Vol. X. Doc. 93. AIX LA CHAPELLE, October 18, 1854. SIR: The undersigned, in compliance with the wish expressed by the President in the several confidential despatches you have addressed to us, respectively, to that effect, have met in conference, first at Ostend, in Belgium, on the 9th, 10th, and 11th instant, and then at Aix la Chapelle, in Prussia, on the days next following, up to the date hereof. There has been a full and unreserved interchange of views and sentiments between us, which we are most happy to inform you has resulted in a cordial coincidence of opinion on the grave and important subjects submitted to our consideration. We have arrived at the conclusion, and are thoroughly convinced, that an immediate and earnest effort ought to be made by the government of the United States to purchase Cuba from Spain at any price for which it can be obtained, not exceeding the sum of $ |