hours to the broiling sun, without permitting themselves even a drop of water to moisten their parching lips. This, however, is not all, for incredible as it may appear, it is no less a fact, that to some of the more rigid Mussulmans, even the hours of sunset scarce can be said to bring a breaking of the fast, since during the night, when it is permitted to eat, they scarce take what is sufficient to support nature. During the month Rhamazan, which thus converts night into day, the nature and habits of the Turk may be said to be come entirely changed. Instead of rising as usual, with the first beams of the morning, and retiring to rest again at a very early hour, he very rarely quits his couch till mid-day, and deprived even of the pleasure of his pipe, thus endeavours by sleep to get through his weary hours of fast. All except those who are really obliged to work, lay aside business of every kind, and about three of the day, all the gay world of Stamboul, not excepting the Sultan himself, may be seen promenading in the large open space in front of the Seraskier Pacha's. The sultan, who is incog. on these occasions, passes almost unheeded through the crowd, and when he has fatigued himself with walking or riding, he seats himself in the shop of a tobacconist near the end of the promenade, from whence he amuses himself in contemplating the gay scene before him. In the evening, the mosques and houses are all partially illuminated the streets are again filled, and every calire is crowded with smokers, enjoying the so-long forbidden chibouque, and amusing themselves with story-telling, magic lanterns, &c. till morning's dawn again obliges them to commence their rigorous abstinence. Thus passes the Rhamazan at Constantinople, till the part of the Bairam which follows again, restores things to their ordinary course." SELF-DENIAL ESSENTIAL TO USEFULNESS. No great change takes place among men without suffering on the part of those who are its instruments. The birth of Christianity was effected by the agony of the cross; but He who hung upon that cross addressed these words to his disciples: "Are ye able to drink of the cup that I shall drink of, and to be baptized with the baptism that I am baptized with ?"-Merle d'Aubigné. THE DISCOURAGED PASTOR. his "friend, have their origin in the fact that you do not pray enough." "That may be," added the deacon, "but I fear the greater difficulty is, that we do not PAY as well as pray." "How do you do, Deacon A.," said his friend, as he met him in the street, "and how is your church prospering?" "I am well, sir," rejoined the deacon, "and so are our people. But we are in miserable condition. We are cold and They were in debt to their minister lifeless, and what is worse, our minister the salary of nearly a whole year, and seems to be discouraged." how could it be expected that he could "Perhaps your difficulties," replied be otherwise than discouraged? Could VOL. X.-FOURTH SERIES. 31 BIBLICAL GEOGRAPHY. I.-PALESTINE. PALESTINE PROPER had Lebanon | seventy miles. The area is estimated at on the north, the Mediterranean 11,000 geographical square miles. on the west, the deserts of Arabia on the south, and the river Jordan on the east. The Israelites had, however, a considerable tract of country on the eastern side of the Jordan, extending from Mount Hermon on the north, to the river Arnon on the south. Taking in the whole of this territory, it extends from 30° 40′ to 33° 36′ N. latitude, and between 33° 45′ and 36° 20′ E. longitude. Its length, from north to south, is about 190 miles; the average width about This gives an extent of territory equal to about one-fifth of England and Wales. The countries in Europe to which it can be compared in extent are Belgium, Holland, and Switzerland. In the time of David the population amounted to 5,000,000. This, for such a highlyfavoured country, "the glory of all lands," is a population by no means excessive, if compared with that of the countries with which it is nearly equal in extent.-M'Leod's Geography of Palestine. REVIEW S. suppression. Yet, it is not uncommon to hear their great virtues extolled, the eminent services which they rendered to literature magnified, and strong sympathies expressed with the cruel persecutions which they suffered, and the injustice with which so distinguished a body of men have been treated. We cannot but regard this as one of the unfavourable signs apparent in the ecclesiastical horizon. One might suppose while listening to such statements that the Jesuits had been the most pure and meek and gentle beings that ever adorned humanity, who by their love of peace, by their exalted virtues, by their disinterested and benevolent efforts to promote the public good, had become the benefactors of the world. This illusion, however, is dispelled by a dispassionate reference to history, in the pages of which their condemnation is written in ineffaceable characters. The object of the institution of the society was confessedly the extirpation of heresy, of which protestantism was regarded as the chief abettor, and the subjugation of the world to the see of Rome. This object was pursued in private and in public; in schools, seminaries, and colleges; in the domestic circle and in the secret confessional; in the closets of princes and the courts of sovereigns; by fair means, if so the end might be best attained,-by means the most unscrupulous, if the case appeared to require it. Their morality remains on record in many an authorized and disgraceful tome; a morality so pliant and accommodating as to suit every occasion, and, if need be, to be made compatible with almost every crime. IT is not a little remarkable that a body of men, which was once regarded with apprehension and alarm by almost every court in Europe, and which in England was, for a considerable time, identified with treasonable plots, and conspiracies against our civil and religious liberties, should now find, in the very country where they were most feared and hated the warmest apologists. There is a class indeed who still pursue their memory with unmitigated hatred and intense bigotry; whose views of their own church are nearly as extravagant and exclusive as were those of the Jesuits respecting the church of Rome; who have scarcely more charity for any beyond the pale of their own community, and who would gladly revive no small portion of those penal laws against the Roman catholics which once were the disgrace of our statute book. With such we have no sympathy. However strongly we may deprecate error, and however pertinaciously we would contend against it, we would still say, "the weapons of our warfare are not carnal." On the other hand, we have as little fellow feeling with those who, with what we must deem a mistaken and spurious liberality, put themselves forward, even in the British senate, as the advocates and eulogists of this once dreaded body of men. But with poli- We do not imagine that the world ticians who claim superior liberality, has ever seen an organization so exespecially with those who care nothing tensive, yet so compact; so varied in for religion in any form, and with its instrumentality, yet so united; so literary men who profess to despise complicated, yet so harmonious; so sevulgar prejudices, it has become a kind cret in its internal movements, yet so of fashion to palliate the crimes, to effective in its external agencies; so soften down or explain away the rest-powerful in action, yet so easily worked. less intrigues, the incessant conspiracies, the corrupt morality, with which history charges this community, and which at length became so intolerable that the whole civilized world called for its The oriental fanatics who were ready to do and to dare anything at the bidding of "the old man of the mountains," were scarcely more prompt in their obedience than were the Jesuits to their when with quiet assiduity to sow the seed, and when to go forth boldly to the harvest, As a subject of philosophical investigation, independently of its religious bearings, it is interesting to inquire, what are the materials with which such a system is constructed-what gives it at once so much flexibility and strength superiors. That men were found among them of varied learning, of distinguished talent, of refined politeness, and profound sagacity, no one ever denied. This was an important element of their strength. That the society furnished men of heroic mould and daring enterprise, whom no danger could appal, for whom the axe, the gibbet, or the stake had no terror, who-by what process of individual training could pursue their object through opposition, and scorn, and ignominy, with an ardour which nothing could quench, and a patience that never tired, every one must concede. But it is equally a fact, whatever attempts may be made to conceal or palliate it, or however it may be viewed with indifference, that they were the most determined enemies to freedom of thought and action in matters of religion, implacable foes to protestantism, the abettors of religious persecution, the unflinching advocates of the papal supremacy over all earthly powers, civil and ecclesiastical; that their ambition was boundless, their political intrigues incessant, and their restless agitation dangerous to the peace and the liberties of the world. "But," it is sometimes said, "the times are changed, and men change with them; whatever these remarkable men were once, they are no longer the proper objects of either dislike or dread." Is it not surprising that men of discernment can suffer themselves to be imposed on by such fallacies? Is the system changed? Are the constitutions of the society altered? Have the ethics of Escobar, Sanchez, and others of the same school been condemned as decidedly as they were authorised? Is any proposition of the right of the papacy to control, and in certain cases to depose sovereigns reprobated by the society? Is the power of the superiors less absolute? Is the devoted submission, the prompt and unquestioning obedience, the perfect resignation of every individual will to that of his superior, so as to become a mere "staff in the hand of him that uses it,” in the least abandoned or mitigated? This fraternity is too well trained to commit itself needlessly. It can bide its time, and wait, apparently inactive, like the great military duke within the lines of Torres Vedras, till the proper moment for decisive action arrives. None know better than these practised tacticians when to endure patiently, and when to act vigorously; are the several members of this marvellous confederacy prepared both for individual action and for complete subserviency to the purposes of the allgoverning will which consolidates and directs the mighty whole? In a former article we had occasion to show that a diversity of talent and character was not only compatible with membership, but that it is essentially necessary to the objects contemplated by this society, and is carefully sought. There must be men of action and men of study, men qualified for daring enterprise, and men capable of profound policy; men versed in every kind of learning, and men adapted for every line of action; men of dauntless resolution, and men of insinuating manners; men who can win the favour and gain the confidence of the gentler sex, and men who can mingle in all the intrigues of state policy; men who with a martyr's zeal will risk every thing for the conversion of the heathen abroad, and men of polemic skill to conduct controversies at home. But there are some important requisites which are indispensable to every individual, and to produce which years of training are devoted. One essential characteristic of a Jesuit is a complete devotion, body and soul, to the interests of the order. This is the great object for which he is to live; to advance it he must be willing to die. The example of Ignatius is more to him than the example of Christ, at least, is more assiduously inculcated, more devoutly studied. The welfare of the catholic church is its professed aim; but it is principally as advanced by "the Society of Jesus," that it becomes interesting. The motto of the institution is "ad majorem Dei gloriam ;" but it is the glory of God as identified with his order, and promoted by it. To render himself worthy of this institute is his meditation day and night, during the whole course of training. The condition, the history, the prospects of the society are his most favoured topics of |