He the month of February, 1810. was afterwards made a baron, officer of the Legion of Honour, and, finally, prefect of the police, on the 14th of October, of the same year. M. Pasquier filled the latter office at the time of the conspiracy of General Mallet, who succeeded in having him apprehended along with the Minister of Police Savary, and shut up for a short period in the prison of La Force. He continued to exercise the functions of prefect, until the events of March, 1814, when the king named him as a counsellor of state. He was next appointed to be director-general in the management of bridges and roads, an office which he resigned in 1815, after the invasion of Buonaparte. During the hundred days he held no public office; but when the king once more returned to the helm of government, he appointed M. Pasquier, ministre secretaire d'etat de la justice, keeper of the seals, grand cordon of the Legion of Honour, and a privy counsel lor. Being elected a member of the Chamber of Deputies by the department of Seine, he was made reporter to the committee of the fourth Bureau, to whose investigation the bill regarding seditious cries was entrusted, voted in the month of January, 1816, for the adoption of the law of amnesty, without amendment; and in the month of September, 1816, was reelected a member of the Chamber of Deputies by the department of the Seine. During this session, he was distinguished as formerly by his zealous defence of the ministerial measures, and was considered one of the firmest supports of the administration. DUC DE RICHELIEU. Armand Duplessi de Richelieu, is the grandson of Marshal Richelieu, and the son of the Duke of Fronsac. He left France in early youth, when he was known as the Duke of Chinon, and went to Russia, where he was received in the most gracious manner by Catherine II. It was in that country, and under the auspices of Suwarrow, that he learned the rudiments of war. He distinguished himself at the siege of Ismailow, in the year 1789, and soon afterwards rose to the rank of lieutenant-general. In 1791, he received from the empress a goldensword, and the cross of Saint George. The year after, he repaired to Vienna and Berlin, in order to find what were the dispositions of these courts regarding the French princes; and he returned to Petersburgh with the most favourable accounts of their friendship to the family of Bourbon. He now joined the army of the princes, and having gone to England, was appointed one of the six officers who recei ved the command of the emigrant corps in the pay of that power. Afterwards having returned to Russia, he suffered not a little from the suspicious and arbitrary temper of Paul, but on the accession of Alexander, he was loaded with kindness by that generous prince. In the year 1801, he went to Paris in order to have his name cancelled from the list of emigrants, and Buonaparte was very willing to comply with his request, but stipulated as a necessary condition, one to which the duke could not be reconciled, that he should quit the service of Russia. After this unsuccessful attempt, he returned to Russia; and in the year 1803, was appointed civil and military governor of Odessa and the adjacent coasts. Catherine had formerly entrusted with the command of that district Prince Potemkin, whose authority was more like that of an Asiatic despot than of a subordinate governor. M. de Riche lieu being invested with the powers of his predecessors, determined to turn them to the benefit of the district which was entrusted to his care. Accordingly he fixed the seat of his government at Odessa, formerly Kodschibay,which, from a small village, containing not more than a few thousand inhabitants, prospered to such a degree, that so soon as the year 1805 it contained upwards of 20,000. He had the merit of putting an entire stop to those depredations which had formerly so often occurred. He organized an efficient police, appointed several useful works to be commenced, gave orders that the waste land should be cultivated, entrusted the management of the affairs of the city to a body of respectable citizens, and, in fine, attracted to the place a number of visitors who went thither for the sake of amusement, and the elegant society which it afforded. The buildings, which were formerly of a gloomy and unhealthy construction, gave place to houses of the most elegant and commodious description. There is now an excellent harbour which receives the vessels of every nation. The knowledge which M. de Riche lieu possessed of different languages, and the ease with which he speaks them, was of great advantage to him in the government of colonies, composed of individuals from various nations. But, perhaps, still greater praise is due to him on account of the easy access which he afforded to all, of whatever rank, who desired to converse with him. Moreover, let it be mentioned to his honour, that although he reigned in the most absolute manner over two or three millions of people, there was not a single act of a tyrannical nature laid to his charge. The truth of these details is confirm. ed by the according testimony of tra vellers from England, Germany, and other countries. In the year 1813, the Emperor Alexander expressed à wish to the Governor of Odessa to visit that place, which, from the accounts of the improvements it had experienced, had excited his curiosity. M. de Richelieu, who considered the improvement as in a very unfinish ed state, entreated the emperor to de lay his journey. Accordingly, Alexander did not accomplish his purpose until the year 1818, when he made a stay of three days at Odessa, and so much was he gratified with the appear. ance of things there, and with the pros perity of the place, that he forthwith dispatched a messenger to M. de Richelieu to inform him of the gratification which he had received from the visit. The courier, along with a letter containing the most flattering compli ments, was charged with presenting him with the insignia of the order of St Andrew. It is not to be wonder ed that M. de Richelieu felt consider able regret in leaving a place which he might in some sort be said to have created. He returned to his native country in the year 1814, about the month of October. In the month of June preceding, he had been raised by the king to the dignity of a peer of France. On the unfortunate 20th of March, 1815, he retreated with the royal family, and again returned with them to Paris, to resume his functions, as first gentleman of the bed-chamber to the king. In the month of September, when M. de Talleyrand retired from office, he became president of the council of ministers. The foreign department was entrusted to his care, and in the exercise of his office, he had to conduct the negociation relating to the treaty which was going to be imposed After having used upon France. every argument, and made every ef fort to evade the step, he was at last compelled to sign the treaty of the 20th November, 1815; and on the 25 h of the same month, communicated to the Chamber of Deputies what had been done in a long speech, which was listened to with respect, but evidently with much grief. The minister informed the deputies that several still more vexatious demands had been made and repeated, but in vain; and that there existed no secret conditions in addition to those that he had communicated to them. On the 13th of the same month, he presented to the Chamber of Peers an ordinance of his majesty, regulating the form of proceedings which was to be followed in the trial of Marshal Ney, and he terminated the speech which he then delivered in the following manner. "The accusation which we lay before you against Marshal Ney is that of high treason, and of acting to the detriment of the state. We make bold to say, that it is becoming for the Chamber of Peers to make some reparation to the world for what has happened; it is fit that they should adopt some prompt measure to satisfy the desire of vengeance, which is now so universally and so justly excited. Will you allow the guilty to escape unpunished, and see other scourges arise, encouraged by their impunity scourges perhaps of a severer kind than those which we now wish to put down? The king's ministers cannot refrain from telling you, that the decision of the court martial is a triumph to the factious. We entreat you, therefore, and in the name of the king we require you, to proceed immediately to the trial of Marshal Ney." On the 8th day of December following, he presented to the Chamber of Deputies, on the part of the king, a bill with regard to an amnesty, and the following observations were made by Upon the 9th of January, M. de Richelieu brought forward the samebill in the Chamber of Peers, with the two amendments proposed by the Deputies, and a new clause, expelling for ever from the territory of France those regicides who had performed public functions during the hundred days. On the 21st of March, 1816, he was appointed a member of the French Academy by the ordonnance of the king which re-organized that learned body; and on the 30th day of the same month, the king confirmed his appointment in the academy of the Fine Arts which he had received in room of M. de Vaudreuil; and on the 24th of April he presided when the four academies, of which the Institute is composed, were installed by the minister of the interior. In the midst of his various important functions, M. de Richelieu took every opportunity of benefitting the countries which he visited. During his residence in Ger many, he had visited the botanic garden of Simferopol, and when he returned to France, he sent books and scientific instruments for the benefit of that establishment; and at a later period, in the year 1816, he dispatched a person at his own expence to the same place with 120 slips of the best fruit trees, and 500 kinds of seeds. from the king's garden. COMTE DE VAUBLANC. COM This nobleman was born in the year 1756, and after receiving his education at the military school entered the army. In the year 1789 he was nominated secretary of the Noblesse of the balliage of Melun, and in 1791 he received the appointment of deputy to the Legislative Assembly for the department of the Seine and Marne, and he quickly became one of the most distinguished supporters of the royalist party. On one occasion, when the Assembly was thrown into a violent agitation by the motion for refusing to allow the king to use the chair of state on the day when he was to open the second session, he combatted the proposal, and had the motion delayed. On the 16th of November, 1791, he exerted himself in opposition to the unwarrantable powers assumed by the municipal governments, and in particular attacked the measure they had adopted of publishing a list of emigrant officers, which was in effect a list for proscription. Upon the 18th he was made secretary. On the 26th he spoke in behalf of the priests who had not taken the oaths; and on the 14th of November he was made president. At the sitting of the 3d December, he severely reprehended a speech delivered by the Abbé Fauchet against M. de Lessart, and declared then, as he afterwards did, upon the 20th of February, that unless the authorities were supported, it was in vain to look for a steady government. On the 31st December, he demanded of the Diplomatic Committee to present a report touching the necessity of driving the French princes from the frontiers. On the 9th February 1792, he opposed the motion of M. Bazire to confiscate the property of all emigrants, making no exception in favour of women and children. His speech was heard with much tumult, and not without menaces. On the 10th of March he again ventured to defend the minister Lessart, but was interrupted. He was, however, more fortunate in his defence of M.de Bertrand Molleville, whom he saved from being brought to trial. The Assembly having, without deliberation, carried a decree against the Marquis de Noailles, he succeeded in having it suspended, and finally in having it revoked. Upon the 18th, he supported the proposed punishment of the excesses which had just been committed, and oppo. sed the amnesty in favour of Jourdan and others who were implicated in the massacres of the time. His efforts, however, were fruitless, and the system of indulgence, supported by the Girondins, was followed, and tended to throw a veil over the disasters of that unfortunate country. "What," cried he, " will you allow assassins to escape without punishment? I see the glaciere of Avignon arrived at Paris." That word excited the most furious outcries. Choudieu proposed that he should be sent to the Abbey, for having calumniated the people. On the 16th of April M. de Vaublanc made a daring attack upon the clubs which then prevailed to such an extent. He insisted that the destruction of property, the disregard of the laws, and the assassination of magistrates, while engaged in performing the functions of their offices, were to be attributed neither to the Assembly nor to the king; but that all these misfortunes were derived from the clubs, which ruled the Assembly itself, as was evident from the fact, that the amnesty granted to the revolutionists of Avignon was voted in these clubs four days before it was appointed by an act of the legislature. A few days afterwards he succeeded in having Marat brought to trial. On one occasion, when he entered the Assembly, it was engaged in hearing read the denunciation of vengeance by a son against his father. He burst into virtuous indignation against such unnatural proceedings, and succeeded in having the reading stopped. On the 29th of July, and 8th of August, he declared himself in favour of M. de la Fayette, and against the Girondins; and such was the effect of his last and most eloquent speech on that subject, that the Assembly decreed, as it were in spite of itself, to have it printed, and about 200 members who had formerly occupied the left side passed over to the right. At the end of the sitting, however, he was treated with the utmost rudeness by the party of the federates, who disapproved of his conduct. Next day he reclaimed against the mode in which he had been treated, proposed the banishment of the federates from Paris, and adoption of some measures in behalf of the liberty and security of the representatives. By his means, Petion the Mayor of Paris, and Roederer Procureur-Syndic of the department, were brought to the bar, to give an account of the state of the capital, and to answer for the measures that they had adopted. He was not re-elected a member of the Convention, by which means he escaped the proscriptions of 1791. Afterwards, however, he was declared an outlaw; but he nevertheless remained in France, and went on foot everywhere, running the risk of being arrested every moment. He once more intermeddled with the public affairs in October 1795, when the sections of Paris declared themselves against the Convention. He then presided over the section Poissonniere, and on the 17th of October was condemned to death, as having been an active member of the committees who had planned the insurrection. At the same time the Electoral Assembly of Paris sent several of its members to enquire at his family if he would accept the appointment of a deputy; and two days after his condemnation, he was elected de puty for the Seine and Marne to the Council of Five Hundred. On the 29th January he protested against the sen. tence which had been passed by the Military Council, and sent to the 500 a petition in which he justified his conduct, and demanded his admission as a deputy. In spite of the exer. tions of M. Pasturet the petition was rejected. On the 18th of August, however, he made a new attempt, and wrote to the council, demanding to be tried by the supreme court of the nation. The business was, in consequence, handed over to a committee, and the result was, that the sentence passed against him should be revoked. On the 2d September he appeared in the Assembly, and ascended the tribune, to take the oath of hatred to |