Lev. xi. 26, 27. Or, bison. Heb. dishon. properly so called, but also the bull, the cow, heifer, and calf. The sheep] seh: ovis, fifth order Pecora, of the genus MAMMALIA, species 40; including the ram, the wether, the ewe, and the lamb. The goat] yaz: CAPRA, fifth order Pecora, of the genus MAMMALIA, species 39; including the he-goat, she-goat, and kid. The words in the text, D'an seh chesabim, signify the lamb or young of sheep; and Diy w seh izzim, the young or kid of goats: but this is a Hebrew idiom which signifies every creature and unclean animals. A. M. 2553. B. C. 1451. Sebat. 8 And the swine, because it divideth the hoof, yet cheweth An. Ex. Isr. 40. not the cud, it is unclean unto you ye shall not eat of their flesh, h their dead carcass. nor touch 9 These ye shall eat of all that are in the waters: all that have fins and scales shall ye eat: 10 And whatsoever hath not fins and scales ye may not eat; it is unclean unto you. 11 Of all clean birds ye shall eat. 12 * But these are they of which ye shall not eat: the eagle, and the ossifrage, and the ospray, i Lev. xi. 9. k Lev. xi. 13. The wild goat] pakko. It is not easy to tell what creature is intended by the akko. Dr. Shaw supposed it to be a kind of very timorous goat, known in the East by the name fishtall and serwee, and bearing a resemblance both to the goat and the stag, whence the propriety of the name given it by the Septuagint and Vulgate, tragelaphus, the goat-stag; probably the rupicapra or rock-goat. The word is found nowhere else in the Hebrew Bible. The pygarg] As this word is nowhere else used, we cannot tell what animal is meant The word pygarg пvуapуoç, literally signifies white buttocks, and is applied to a kind of eagle with a white tail; but here it evidently means a quadruped, It was probably some kind of goat, common and well known in Judea. .ben by it בן אדם ben enosh and בן אנוש of the genus, as adam, son of man, signify any human being. See Psa cxliv. 3; Job xxv. 6. The flesh of these animals is universally allowed to be the most wholesome and nutritive. They live on the very best vegetables; and having several stomachs, their food is well concocted, and the chyle formed from it the most pure because the best elaborated, as it is well refined before it enters into the blood. On ruminating or chewing the cud, see the note on Lev. xi. 3. Verse 5. The hart] Taiyal, the deer, according to Dr. Shaw; see the note on chap. xii. 15. The roebuck] ́tsebi, generally supposed to be the antelope, belonging to the fifth order Pecora, genus MAMMALIA, and species 38. It has round twisted spiral horns, hairy tufts on the knees, browses on tender shoots, lives in hilly countries, is fond of climbing rocks, and is remarkable for its beautiful black eyes. The flesh is good and well flavoured. The fallow deer] yachmur, from chamar, to be troubled, disturbed, disordered: this is supposed to mean, not the fallow deer, but the bubalus or buffalo, which is represented by Dr. Shaw, and other travellers and naturalists, as a sullen, malevolent, and spiteful animal, capricious, ferocious, and every way brutal. According to the Linnæan classification, the buffalo belongs to the fifth order Pecora, genus MAMMALIA, species bos. According to 1 Kings iv. 23, this was one of the animals which was daily served up at the table of Solomon. Though the flesh of the buffalo is not considered very delicious, yet in the countries where it abounds it is eaten as frequently by all classes of persons as the ox is in England. The yachmur is not mentioned in the parallel place, Lev. xi. .dishon דישן The wild ox] teo. This is supposed to be the oryx of the Greeks, which is a species of large stag. It may be the same with the bekker el wash, described by Dr. Shaw as "a species of the deer kind, whose horns are exactly in the fashion of our stag, but whose size is only between the red and fallow deer." In Isa. li. 20 a creature of the name of in to is mentioned, which we translate wild bull; it may be the same creature intended above, with the interchange of the two last letters. The chamois] i zemer. This was probably a species of goat or deer, but of what kind we know not: that it cannot mean the chamois is evident from this circumstance," that the chamois inhabits only the regions of snow and ice, and cannot bear the heat."— Buffon. The Septuagint and Vulgate translate it the Camelopard, but this creature is only found in the torrid zone and probably was never seen in Judea; consequently could never be prescribed as a clean animal, to be used as ordinary food. I must once more be permitted to say, that to ascertain the natural history of the Bible is a hopeless case. Of a few of its anímals and vegetables we are comparatively certain, but of the great majority we know almost nothing. Guessing and conjecture are endless, and they have on these subjects been already sufficiently employed. What learning, deep, solid, extensive learning, and judgment could do, has already been done by the incomparable Bochart in his Hierozoicon. The learned 17 And the pelican, and the gier eagle, and go unto the place which the LORD thy God the cormorant, 18 And the stork, and the heron after her kind, and the lapwing, and the bat, shall choose : 26 And thou shalt bestow that money for whatsoever thy soul lusteth after, for oxen, or for sheep, or for wine, or for strong drink, or for whatsoever thy soul "desireth: and thou shalt eat there before the LORD thy God, and thou shalt rejoice, thou, and thine household, 27 And the Levite that is within thy gates, thou shalt not forsake him; for he hath no part nor inheritance with thee. 19 And every creeping thing that flieth is unclean unto you: m they shall not be eaten. 20 But of all clean fowls ye may eat. 21 Ye shall not eat of any thing that dieth of itself: thou shalt give it unto the stranger that is in thy gates, that he may eat it; or thou mayest sell it unto an alien: for thou art a holy people unto the LORD thy God. Thou 28. At the end of three years, thou shalt shalt not seethe a kid in his mother's milk. bring forth all the tithe of thine increase the 22 Thou shalt truly tithe all the increase of same year, and shalt lay it up within thy gates; thy seed, that the field bringeth forth year by year. 29 And the Levite, (because he hath no 23 And thou shalt eat before the LORD thy part nor inheritance with thee,) and the stranger, God, in the place which he shall choose to and the fatherless, and the widow, which are place his name there, the tithe of thy corn, of within thy gates, shall come, and shall eat and thy wine, and of thine oil, and the firstlings be satisfied; that the LORD thy God may of thy herds and of thy flocks: that thou bless thee in all the work of thine hand which mayest learn to fear the LORD thy God always. thou doest. 1 Lev. xi. 20.Ezek. iv. 14.Lev. xxvii. 30; 6, 7, 17, 18. t See Lev. xi. 21.——" Lev. xvii. 15; xxii. 8; Verse 2.- Exodus xxiii. 19; xxxiv. 26, chap. xii. 6, 17; Neh. x. 37. Chap. xii. 5, Chap. xv. 19, 20. Chap. xii. 21. reader may consult this work, and, while he gains much general information, will have to regret that he can apply so little of it to the main and grand question. As I have consulted every authority within my 'reach, on the subject of the clean and unclean animals mentioned in the law, and have detailed all the information I could collect in my notes on Lev. xi., I must refer my readers to what I have there laid down. Verse 13. The vulture after his kind] The word daah is improperly translated vulture Lev. xi. 14, and means a kite or glede. The word daiyah in this verse is not only different from that in Leviticus, but means also a different animal, properly enough translated vulture. See the note on Lev. xi. 14. Verse 21. Thou shalt not seethe a kid in his mother's milk.] Mr. Calmet thinks that this precept refers to the paschal lamb only, which was not to be offered to God till it was weaned from its mother; but see the note on Exod. xxiii. 19. Verse 22. Thou shalt truly tithe] Meaning the second tithe which themselves were to eat, ver. 23, for there was a first tithe that was given to the Levites, out of which they paid a tenth part to the priests, u Heb. asketh of thee.- Chap. xii. 7, 18; xxvi. 11.w Ch xii. 12, 18, 19. Num. xviii. 20; chap. xviii. 1. 2.- Chap. xxvi. 12; Amos iv. 4.- Chap. xxvi. 12. Ver. 27; chap. xii. 12.- b Chap. xv. 10; Prov. iii. 9; 10; see Mal iii. 10. Num. xviii. 24-28; Neh. x. 37, 38. Then of that which remained, the owners separated a second tithe, which they ate before the Lord the first and second year; and in the third year it was given to the Levites and to the poor, Deut. xiv. 28, 29. In the fourth and fifth years it was eaten again by the owners, and in the sixth year was given to the poor. The seventh year was a Sabbath to the land, and then all things were common, Exod. xxiii. 10, 11, where see the notes; and see Ainsworth on this verse. Verse 26. Or for strong drink] What the sikera or strong drink of the Hebrews was, see in the note on Lev. x. 9. This one verse sufficiently shows that the Mosaic law made ample provision for the comfort and happiness of the people. Verse 29. And the Levite (because he hath no part nor inheritance] And hence much of his support depended on the mere freewill-offerings of the people. God chose to make his ministers thus dependent on the people, that they might be induced (among other motives) to labour for their spiritual profiting, that the people, thus blessed under their ministry, might feel it their duty and privilege to support and render them comfortable. The Sabbatical year. CHAP. XV. Of lending to the poor CHAPTER XV. The Sabbatical year of release, 1. The manner in which this release shall take place, 2-5. Of lending to the poor, and the disposition in which it should be done, 6-11. Of the Hebrew servant who has served six years, and who shall be dismissed well furnished, 12-15. The ceremony of boring the ear, when the servant wishes to continue with his master, 16-18. Of the firstlings of the flock and herd, 19, 20. Nothing shall be offered that has any blemish, 21. The sacrifice to be eaten both by the clean and unclean, except the blood, which is never to be eaten, but poured out upon the ground, 22, 23. A. M. 2553. B. C. 1451. An. Ex. Isr. 40. Sebat. b a A. M. 2553. B. C. 1451. AT the end of every seven thee, i thou shalt not harden thine lease. 2 And this is the manner of the release: Every creditor that lendeth aught unto his neighbour shall release it; he shall not exact it of his neighbour, or of his brother; because it is called the LORD's release. 3 Of a foreigner thou mayest exact it again: but that which is thine with thy brother, thine hand shall release: 4 d Save when there shall be no poor among you; for the LORD shall greatly bless thee in the land which the LORD thy God giveth thee, for an inheritance to possess it: 5 Only if thou carefully hearken unto the voice of the LORD thy God, to observe to do all these commandments which I command thee this day. 6 For the LORD thy God blesseth thee, as he promised thee: and thou shalt lend unto many nations, but thou shalt not borrow; and thou shalt reign over many nations, but they shall not reign over thee. If there be among you a poor man of one of thy brethren, within any of thy gates in thy land which the LORD thy God giveth a Exod. xxi. 2; xxiii. 10, 11; Lev. xxv. 2, 4; chap. xxxi. 10; Jer. xxxiv. 14.- b Heb. master of the lending of his hand. See chap. xxiii. 20. Or, to the end that there be no poor among you. e Chap. xxviii. 8. Chap. xxviii. 1.- - Chap. xxviii. 12, 44.- Chap. xxviii. 13; Prov. xxii. 7.-11 John iiì. 17.—————— Lev. xxv. 35; Matt. v. 42; Luke vi. 34, 35. NOTES ON CHAP. XV. Verse 1. At the end of every seven years thou shalt make a release] For an explanation of many things in this chapter, see the notes on Exod. xxi. and xxiii., and Lev. xxv. Verse 4. There shall be no poor] That is, comparatively; see ver. 11. Verse 8. Thou shalt open thine hand wide] Thy benevolence shall be in proportion to his distress and poverty, and thy ability. Thou shalt have no other rule to regulate thy charity by. Verse 9. Beware that there be not a thought in thy wicked heart lebabecha beliyaal, thy belial heart, that is, thy good-for-nothing or unprofitable heart; see on chap, xiv. 13. Sebat. 8 But thou shalt open thine hand wide unto him, and shalt surely lend him sufficient for his need, in that which he wanteth. 9 Beware that there be not a thought in thy m wicked heart, saying, The seventh year, the year of release, is at hand; and thine eye be evil against thy poor brother, and thou givest him naught; and he cry unto the LORD against thee, and it be sin unto thee. 10 Thou shalt surely give him, and thine heart shall not be, grieved when thou givest unto him because that for this thing the LORD thy God shall bless thee in all thy works, and in all that thou puttest thine hand unto. 11 For the poor shall never cease out of the land: therefore I command thee, saying, Thou shalt open thine hand wide unto thy brother, to thy poor, and to thy needy, in thy land. 12 And if thy brother, a Hebrew man, or a Hebrew woman, be sold unto thee, and serve thee six years; then in the seventh year thou shalt let him go free from thee. ח. 'Heb. 'word.- Heb. Belial. Chap. xxviii. 54, 56; Prov. xxiii, 6; xxviii. 22; Matt. xx. 15.- - Chap. xxiv. 15. P Matt. xxv. 41, 42.-12 Cor. ix. 5, 7. Chap. xiv. 29; xxiv. 19; Psa. xli. 1;. Prov. xxii. 9. Matt. xxvi. 11; Mark xiv. 7; John xii. 8.- -Exodus xxi. 2; Lev. xxv. 39; Jer, xxxiv. 14. Evil eye And thine eye be evil] An evil eye signifies a covetous disposition. See the same form of expression used by our Lord in the same sense, Matt. vi, 23: If thine eye be evil-if thou be a covetous person. is by our Lord opposed to single eye, i. e., a person of a liberal, benevolent mind. Covetousness darkens the soul; liberality and benevolence enlighten it, And he cry unto the Lord against thee] What a consolation to the poor and the oppressed, that they have a sure friend in God, who will hear their cry and redress their grievances! Verse 11. For the poor shall never cease out of the land] To this passage our Lord appears to allude Mark xiv. 7: For ye have the poor with you always. God leaves these in mercy among men to exercise the Concerning the feast A. M. 2553. Sebat. DEUTERONOMY. let him go away empty : of the passover. A. M. 2553. Sebat. 13 And when thou sendest him | he hath been worth a double An. Ex. Isr. 40. out free from thee, thou shalt not hired servant to thee, in serving An. Ex. Isr. 40. thee six years and the LORD thy God shall bless thee in all that thou doest. 19 y All the firstling males that come of thy herd and of thy flock thou shalt sanctify unto the LORD thy God: thou shalt do no work with the firstling of thy bullock, nor shear the firstling of thy sheep: 14 Thou shalt furnish him liberally out of thy flock, and out of thy floor, and out of thy winepress of that wherewith the LORD thy God hath blessed thee thou shalt give unto him. 15 And thou shalt remember that thou wast a bondman in the land of Egypt, and the LORD thy God redeemed thee: therefore I command thee this thing to-day. 20 Thou shalt eat it before the LORD thy God, year by year, in the place which the LORD shall choose, thou and thy household. 16 And it shall be, if he say unto thee, I 21 And if there be any blemish therein, as will not go away from thee; because he if it be lame, or blind, or have any ill blemish, loveth thee and thine house, because he is thou shalt not sacrifice it unto the LORD thy well with thee: 17 Then thou shalt take an awl, and thrust it through his ear unto the door, and he shall be thy servant for ever. And also unto thy maid-servant thou shalt do likewise. 18 It shall not seem hard unto thee, when thou sendest him away free from thee; for " Prov. x. 22. Chap. v. 15; xvi. 12.-w Exod. xxi. 5, 6. * See Isa. xvi. 14; xxi. 16.—— Exod. xiii. 2; xxxiv. 19; Lev. xxvii. 26; Num. iii. 13. Verse 13. Thou shalt not let him go away empty] Because during the time he served thee, he made no property for himself, having been always honest to wards thee; and now when he leaves thee, he has nothing to begin the world with. Verse 14. Thou shalt furnish him—out of thy flock] Thou shalt give him some cattle to breed with; out of thy floor-some corn for seed and for bread; and out of thy winepress—an adequate provision of wine for present necessity. God. Verse 17. Thou shalt take an awl] See the note on Exod. xxi. -6. Verse 20. Thou shall eat it-in the place which the Lord shall choose] Thus God in his mercy made their duty and interest go hand in hand. And in every case. God acts thus with his creatures; well, therefore, might Satan ask, Doth Job serve God for naught? No! nor does God design that any man should. Verse 21. If there be any blemish] See the notes on Lev. xxii, 20. God will have both a perfect priest and a perfect offering." The month of Abih to be observed, 1. CHAPTER XVI. The feast of the passover and of unleavened bread, 2-8. The feast of weeks, 9-12. The feast of tabernacles, 13-15. All the males to appear before the Lord thrice in the year, none to come empty, each to give according to his ability, 16, 17. Judges and officers to be made in all their cities, 18. Strict justice shall be executed, 19, 20. No grove to be planted near the altar of God, nor any image to be set up, 21, 22. A. M. 2553. OBSERVE the month of thee forth out of Egypt by B. C. 1451. An. Ex. Isr. 40. unto the LORD thy God for in : the month of Abib the LORD thy God brought the passover unto the LORD thy God, of the a Exod. xii. 2, &c.—— b Exod. xiii. 4; xxxiv, 18, NOTES ON CHAP. XVI. Verse 1. Keep the passover] A feast so called because the angel that destroyed the first-born of the c Exod. xii. 29, 42. Egyptians, seeing the blood of the appointed sacrifice sprinkled on the lintels and door-posts of the Israelites' houses, passed over THEM, and did not destrov Of the feast of weeks A. M. 2553. Sebat. CHAP. XVI. r and of tabernacles. A. M. 2553. Sebat. flock and the herd, in the freewill-offering of thine hand, An. Ex. Isr. 40. place which the LORD shall which thou shalt give unto the An. Ex. Isr. 40. choose to place his name there. LORD thy God, according as 3 Thou shalt eat no leavened bread with it; the LORD thy God hath blessed thee. seven days shalt thou eat unleavened bread therewith, even the bread of affliction; for thou camest forth out of the land of Egypt in haste that thou mayest remember the day when thou camest forth out of the land of Egypt, all the days of thy life. 4 And there shall be no leavened bread seen with thee in all thy coast seven days; h neither shall there any thing of the flesh which thou sacrificedst the first day at even, remain all night unto the morning. i 5 Thou mayest not sacrifice the passover within any of thy gates, which the LORD thy God giveth thee: 6 But at the place which the LORD thy God shall choose to place his name in, there thou shalt sacrifice the passover at even, at the going down of the sun, at the season that thou camest forth out of Egypt. 7 And thou shalt roast and eat it m in the place which the LORD thy God shall choose: and thou shalt turn in the morning, and go unto thy tents. 8 Six days thou shalt eat unleavened bread: and on the seventh day shall be a solemn assembly to the LORD thy God thou shalt do no work therein. 9 P Seven weeks shalt thou number unto thee: begin to number the seven weeks from such time as thou beginnest to put the sickle to the corn... 11 And thou shalt rejoice before the LORD thy God, thou, and thy son, and thy daughter, and thy man-servant, and thy maid-servant, and the Levite that is within thy gates, and the stranger, and the fatherless, and the widow, that are among you, in the place which the LORD thy God hath chosen to place his name there. 12 t And thou shalt remember that thou wast a bondman in Egypt and thou shalt observe and do these statutes. 13 Thou shalt observe the feast of tabernacles seven days, after that thou hast gathered in thy corn and thy wine: V W 14 And thou shalt rejoice in thy feast, thou, and thy son, and thy daughter, and thy manservant, and thy maid-servant, and the Levite, the stranger, and the fatherless, and the widow, that are within thy gates. 1.5 Seven days shalt thou keep a solemn feast unto the LORD thy God, in the place which the LORD shall choose: because the LORD thy God shall bless thee in all thine increase, and in all the works of thine hands, therefore thou shalt surely rejoice. 16 Three times in a year shall all thy males appear before the LORD thy God, in the place which he shall choose: in the feast of unleavened bread, and in the feast of weeks, and in the feast of tabernacles: and they shall not appear before the LORD empty : 17 Every man shall give 10 And thou shalt keep the feast of weeks unto the LORD thy God, with a tribute of ab according to the blessing Or, kill. d Num. xxviii. 19. Chap. xii. 5, 26.- fExod. xii. 15, 19, 39; xiii. 3, 6, 7; xxxiv. 18.- - Exod. xiii. 7.- h Exod. xii. 10; xxxiv. 25. Exod. xii. 6. Exod. xii. 8, 9; 2 Chron. xxxv. 13.- m 2 Kings xxiii. 23; John ii. 13, 23; xi. 55. Exod. xii. 16; xiii. 6; Lev. xxiii. 8 Heb. restraint; Lev. xxiii. 36. Exod. xxiii. 16; xxxiv. 22; Lev. xxiii. 15; Num. xxviii. 26; Acts ii. 1. any of their first-born. 2, &c. Verse 3. Bread of affliction] Because, being baked without leaven, it was unsavoury, and put them in mind of their afflictive bondage.in Egypt. q Or, sufficiency.- Ver. 17; 1 Cor. xvi. 2.- Chap. xii. 7, 12, 18; yerse 14.- Chap. xv. 15.- u Exod. xxiii. 16; Lev. xxiii. 34; Num. xxix. 12.- - Heb. floor and thy winepress. w Neh. viii. 9, &c.- Lev. xxiii. 39, 40.- -y Exod. xxiii. 14, 17; xxxiv. 23. Exod. xxiii. 15; xxxiv. 20; Ecclus, xxxv. 4r Heb. according to the gift of his hand; 2 Cor. viii, b Verse 10. 12. See the notes on Exod. xii: faction soon took place; therefore they were com- Verse 11. Thou shalt rejoice] The offerings of the Israelites were to be eaten with festivity, communicated to their friends with liberality, and bestowed on the poor with great generosity, that they might partake with them in these sacred repasts with joy before the Lord. To answer these views it was necessary to eat the flesh while it was fresh, as in that climate putre |