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do effective work. You want high pressure, a fine spray, stead of a coarse nozzle and spraying with low pressure.

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Mr. Kellogg: How are you going to prevent clogging? Mr. Milward: There is a strainer inside of the spray tank. Another thing is to clean out the spray tank; if you allow scales to form inside of your spray tank you will have trouble. See that there are strainers from the suction pipe to the pump.

Mr. Kellogg: Is there any danger of getting too much Paris green?

Mr. Milward: No, sir, not with the Bordeaux mixture, if you are anywhere within reasonable limits; you can put in plenty of lime. I never saw an injury from Paris green.

A Member: How much do you use?

Mr. Milward: I use from 12 to 14 ounces to 50 gallons.

A Member: Would you want to give the impression that you use a pound of Paris green,--you say you never saw any injury, do you want to give the impression that you use as high as a pound?

Mr. Milward: Yes, I have used as high as a pound with the Bordeaux mixture.

Mr. Reigle: I would like to suggest one thing I did not hear Mr. Milward mention in reference to nozzles, and that is the swivel nozzle. You want to get one that will turn so that you can stand at one side of the tree and turn it so as to throw it under or on the side of the tree.

Dr. Loope: Do you ever find bronzing of apples from spraying?

Mr. Milward: You mean an attack similar to that? (Exhibiting specimen.) That brings up an important question. In spraying orchards some seasons, I have seen that appearance on apples, where there has been an application of Bordeaux mixture; I have investigated the question quite thoroughly, and I think undoubtedly that russeting of the skin arises from two causes; one, that it is a mechanical injury of the spray mixture being thrown against the tender skin of the apple early in the When the apple is growing very rapidly, and especially some of the varieties such as the Longfield, if you use the power sprayer, and it is more noticeable where power sprayers are used, and force the spray mixture against the apples, you will find some that are affected in this way. It is partly due, perhaps, to chemical causes; authorities disagree on that, but I think it is

season.

a combination of the two. It is objectionable, but it is not nearly as objectionable as the scab would be.

Dr. Loope: I have used the power sprayer at a pressure of 130 to 160 pounds, and I have used also the barrel spray, and often with the barrel spray I found more of that brown than with the other.

Mr. Milward: It will be different in different seasons. I think the matter of pressure has much to do with it. Also a difference in the skin; there seem to be some varieties that are more susceptible than others.

The President: As Mr. Herbst is not here, I will ask Mr. Smith to speak on "The Vegetable Garden, One Side of the Question.'

The Secretary: Perhaps it would be better to hear from the other side first. When I put Mr. Ingham down on the program, I scarcely expected he would be here, as he lives in Pennsylvania, in fact, I knew he would not be here. I was attraced by an article that he had writiten for one of the agricultural papers, a rather unique presentation of the subject of the farmer's garden. There are some rather startling facts in this brief paper. I want to say, I am not in any sense responsible for them, any more than I am responsible for Prof. Moore's argument on the farmer's orchard.

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WHY FARMERS DON'T HAVE GOOD GARDENS.

J. W. INGHAM, Pennsylvania.

It would give me great pleasure, if possible, to meet the members of the Wisconsin State Horticultural Society at La Crosse in August next. Societies, like corporations, when properly conducted, do much good. The work of many minds, and numerous hands, can accomplish more in a special field than the labors of a few. The discoveries, and improvements of each member, soon become the property of all, and all are energized, psychologized and stimulated to greater efforts by contact with each other. The reports of these meetings and discussions are widely published, are read, enjoyed and remembered by thousands who cast the college bulletins aside unopened.

It is generally agreed that for some reason, the particular branch of horticulturee which consists in the care and cultivation

of gardens, by the majority of farmers, is not practiced successfully—that the majority have poor gardens and the majority do not deny it. Some writers have ridiculed farmer's gardens by saying they had to take a scythe and mow the weeds before they could find their vegetables.

The late Waldo F. Brown of Ohio, said: "A majority of farmers fall below their privileges in not having a good garden.” Of course they do. They have the privilege-there is no law against it, either human or divine, then why don't they have one? They have the privilege of going to the seaside, or some fashionable summer resort of the wealthy during the heated term, to obtain the pleasure and comfort to be there obtained. Then why do they not go? The simple reason is they neither have the time nor the money to spare. Some farmers may be in debt for their farms, or improvements, and must raise money, and all are anxious to raise good field crops to obtain funds to erect new buildings or put down some tile drains. Good field crops are absolutely necessary to profitable farming and must have the tillage at the proper time, and as often as required to secure a good yield. The field crops are the farmer's main dependence, the gardens are not. Perhaps some one will dispute me here by saying that the garden is the most profitable piece of ground on the farm and pays the best for the labor expended and the manure put on it. According to my experience a family will eat nearly as much bread, butter and meat and drink just as much tea and coffee and consume twice as much sugar when they have good gardens and plenty of pie plant, currants, gooseberries, raspberries, strawberries and grapes. A gocd garden is a luxury, not a necessity. Perhaps someone will say that a good garden pays in saving doctor's bills. There is no proof to support it. There is more sickness during the garden season than in the winter. Summer complaint originates from the garden. That farmers don't have good gardens is evidence that good gardens do not pay in dollars and dimes. I have had a long experience in gardening and farming and I say it deliberately and without fear of successful contradiction that I can plow the ground, plant and tend the corn on ten acres with less labor than I can plant and tend a good half acre garden.

My land will produce 50 bushels of shelled corn per acrecall it only 48. Half the stalks will pay for cutting up with the corn harvester; one-eighth will pay for husking; half the stalks

will pay for drawing and shucking, leaving me 42 bushels per acre clear or 420 bushels on the ten acres, which at 50 cents per bushel will bring $210.00. If we deduct what the land would rent for say $60.00 I would have $150.00 left for my labor and team work. How much clear money would I get for my labor and seed put on a half acre garden? Unless I lived near a village where I could dispose of part of the produce which would otherwise go to waste, I would get nothing that would pay taxes or store bills.

A wealthy neighbor once hired an English gardener to make and tend his half acre garden and it was all the work the man did. Of course the garden was a good one, but it cost $180.00 for six months work. The wealthy neighbor could have afforded the luxury of an excellent garden but it seemed to his economical mind like paying too dear for the "whistle" and afterward he had no better gardens than his poorer neighbors, but I think he made a mistake. I believe in having as good a garden as farmer can afford without neglecting his field crops.

Fruit trees should not be placed in the garden. They soon grow so large they injure the vegetables and berries by their shade, and also by the extension of their roots rob their smaller neighbors of the moisture and fertility they need for perfect growth. My father had cherry trees, peach trees and dwarf pear trees set round the outside of his garden and they damaged it greatly. If farmers keep chickens they should certainly have a picket fence or some fence that will keep the chickens out. An old hen and chickens can do a great deal of damage in scratching the beds in fifteen minutes. The mischief they do is not easily repaired and is trying to the owner's patience.

I have no doubt the well informed farmers of Wisconsin very properly lay out their gardens in the form of a long parallel, plant their vegetables in rows far enough apart to cultivate between the rows with a horse and that they have a bed of aspara gus on one side of the garden which requires but little labor to take care of and provides such tender, delicious and healthful food in the early spring.

The President:

We will now call on Mr. Smith.

Mr. Smith: To begin with, I should say no farmer, unless it might perhaps have been Brigham Young, would have use for a half acre garden for his family. The last two seasons I have been experimenting with a farm garden up at Ashland. Went

up to Ashland on the first of August, turned under a sod which, most of it, had never been plowed before, composed of June grass and timothy; the ground was so hard that we had to ride the plow in order to get it under at all, and got it in some places four inches deep and in others not so deep. That is where I set a strawberry bed and had good strawberries this season. Only a few rods of ground are necessary to produce the ordinary garden, furnishing vegetables in sufficient quantity for a good sized family. The suggestion made to put them in long rows is good I think, also the suggestion to keep them out of the orchard is good.

I believe Mr. Ingham says good farmers usually do not have much of a garden; that is true to a certain extent, but the farmer's wife quite commonly has a garden. It is not perhaps model or ideal, and I might go further and say that that farmer does not realize when he comes in to a good dinner, how much of it comes out of that garden; he forgets that two or three things on his table his wife went out and picked out of the garden. I have now in Ashland a few hills of cucumbers, beets, carrots, cabbages, tomatoes, corn, squash, etc., when I think the conditions were, I might say, worse than almost any farmer could pick out on his place. The ground was a good deal like a strawberry bed, but where it was plowed it was a hard, white and some red clay that gets as hard as this floor, did not take very long either, and it gets hot; yet even under those conditions I have done about all the work in caring for those things in comparatively few evenings after supper. To be sure the sun does not set up there and it does not get dark until pretty nearly nine o'clock in June and July, I have come in ten minnutes to nine several times from setting plants in the garden, so we have long afternoons, but only a few hours' work per month are required to take care of a little patch of ground that will produce all of the small truck that the average farmer needs. A great deal has been said here about the farmer not having time for taking care of his garden, but it is simply an excuse, not a reason. The reason is that he likes to drive his team, likes the big fields a great deal better; the average farmer thinks it is frittering away time to work in the garden he would rather work outside in the larger fields. As I said, only a few hours' work per month. during the first two or three months of the season is all that is

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