horizontal row, the alphabet in its natural order from left to right; in the left-hand vertical row, the same from top to bottom; and the diagonal, from upper right to lower left-hand corner, will be a line of Z's. Each party must have one of the tables. A keyword must be agreed upon, which may be any word in the English language, or from any other language if it can be represented by English letters, or, indeed, it may even be a combination of letters which spells nothing. Now, to send a message, first write the message in plain English. Over it write the key-word, letter over letter, repeating it as many times as it is necessary to cover the message. Take a simple case as an illustration. Suppose the key-word to be Grant, and the message We have five days' provisions. It should be placed thus:: Grantgrantgrantgrantgran We have five days provisions Now find, in the upper horizontal row of the table, the first letter of the key-word, G, and in the left-hand vertical column, the first letter of the message, W. Run a line straight down from G, and one to the right from W, and in the angle where the two lines meet will be found the letter which must be written as the first letter of the cipher. With the second letter of the key-word, R, and the second letter of the message, E, find in the same way the second letter of the cipher. The correspondent who receives the cipher goes to work to translate it thus:-He first writes over it the key-word, letter over letter, repeating it as often as necessary. Then finding in the upper row of his table the first letter of the key-word, he passes his pencil directly down until he comes to the first letter or the cipher; the letter opposite to it in the left vertical column is the first letter of the translation. Each of the succeeding letters is found in a similar way. A third party, into whose hands such a cipher might fall, could not read it, though he possessed a copy of the table and knew how to use it, unless he knew the key-word. The chance of his guessing this is only one in millions. And there is no such thing as interpreting it by any other method, because there are no repetitions, and hence all comparison is at fault. That is to say, in the same cipher, in one place a letter, as for instance C may stand for one letter in the translation, and in another place C may stand for quite a different letter. This is the only kind of cryptograph we have ever seen which is absolutely safe. The Reason Why. WHY THE GERMANS EAT SAUER-KRAUT. THE reason why the most learned people on earth eat sauerkraut may be found in the following extract from a work entitled Petri Andra Matthioli Senensis medici commentarii in sex libros Pedacii Dioscoridis de Materia Medica. Venetiis. ex officina Valgrisiana MDLXV. Traduit de Latin en Francais, par M. Antoine du Pinet. Lyon, MDCLV. Preface, p. 13. ligne 30: "Finally, in order to omit nothing which can add to the knowledge of simples, it must be noted that Nature, mother and producer of all things, has created various simples, which have a sympathy or natural antipathy to each other; which is a very considerable point in this matter, and has no like as a mystery and secret. And thus it has seemed to me good to hint a word about it, and principally of those which are used in medicine. To commence, then, with the oak and the olive; these two trees hate each other in such sort that, if you plant one in the hole from which the other was dug, it will die there; and, even if you plant one near the other, they will work each other's death. The cabbage and the vine do the like; for it has been seen that, if you plant a cabbage at the foot of a vine, the vine will recoil and draw itself away. And thus it is no marvel that the cabbage is very useful to sober topers, and that the Germans eat it commonly in a compost to safeguard themselves from their wine." WHY PENNSYLVANIA WAS SETTLED. Penn refused to pull his hat off Before the king, and therefore sat off, Another country to light pat on, Where he might worship with his hat on. HUGUENOTS. They were so called because their first places of meeting in the city of Tours (where Calvin's opinions first prevailed) were cellars under-ground, near Hugo's Gate [Heb. XI. 38], whence the vulgar applied this name to them. ROYAL DEMISE. How monarchs die is easily explained, And thus upon the tomb it might be chisel'd; As long as George the Fourth could reign, he reigned, And then he mizzled. BOSTON. In the seventh century a Roman Catholic monk by the name of Botolph, or Bot-holp, viz., Boat-help, founded a church in what is now Lincolnshire, England. Gradually a town grew up around the church, and was called Botolphstown, which was afterward contracted into Botolphston, and then shortened to Botoston, and finally to Boston. From that town of Boston in Lincolnshire came to America the Rev. John Cotton, who gave the name to the New England Capital. So that the metropolis of good old Puritan Massachusetts was, it seems, named in honor of a Roman Catholic saint and monk! WEATHERCOCKS. The vane or weathercock must have been of very early origin. Vitruvius calls it triton, evidently from an ancient form. The usual form on towers and castles was that of a banner; but on ecclesiastical edifices, it generally was a weathercock. There was a symbolical reason for the adoption of the figure of a cock. The cross was surmounted by a ball, to symbolize the redemption of the world by the cross of Christ; and the cock was placed upon the cross in allusion to the repentance of St. Peter, and to remind us of the important duties of repentance and Christian vigilance. Apart from symbolism, the large tail of the cock is well adapted to turn with the wind, just as is the arrow which is so frequently chosen. CUTTING OFF WITH A SHILLING. According to Blackstone (ii. 32), the Romans were wont to set aside testaments as being inofficiosa, deficient in natural duty, if they disinherited or totally passed by (without assigning a true and sufficient reason) any of the children of the testator. But if the child had any legacy, though ever so small, it was a proof that the testator had not lost his memory or his reason, which otherwise the law presumed; but was then supposed to have acted thus for some substantial cause, and in such case no querula inofficiosi testamenti was allowed. Hence, probably, has arisen that groundless error of the necessity of leaving the heir a shilling, or some such express legacy, in order to disinherit him effectually. Whereas the law of England makes no such constrained suppositions of forgetfulness or insanity; and, therefore, though the heir or next of kin be totally omitted, it admits no querula inofficiosi to set aside such a testament. CARDINAL'S RED HAT. The red hat was given to cardinals by Pope Innocent IV., in the first Council of Lyons, held in 1245, to signify that by that color they should be always ready to shed their blood in defence of the church. THE ROAST BEEF OF ENGLAND. Brave Betty was a maiden Queen, Bold and clever! bold and clever! King Philip, then a Spaniard King, To court her did endeavor. Queen Bess she frowned and stroked her ruff, For which he swore her ears he'd cuff, All with his grand Armada. Says Royal Bess, "I'll vengeance take!" A SENSIBLE QUACK. An empiric was asked by a regular physician how it was that, without education or skill, he contrived to live in considerable style, while he could hardly subsist. "Why" said the other, "how many people do you think have passed us lately?" "Perhaps a hundred." "And how many of them do you think possess common sense?" "Possibly one.' "Why, then," said the quack, "that one goes to you, and I get the other ninety-nine." GENEALOGY. The doggerel couplet repeated in varied forms but usually presented in this shape When Adam delved and Eve span, Who was then the gentleman? is a translation of the German Da Adam hackt und Eva spann, Wer war damals der Edelmann? which is further referred to a wag who had written the couplet on a wall near to which the Emperor Maximilian was tracing |