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27. An aspirate consonant sound is one which, separated as far as possible from the attending vowel sound, requires but a whisper for its distinct utterance.

28. A vocal consonant sound is one which, separated from its vowel sound, requires the natural tone of the voice.

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15. That of h in hot, an aspirate, or simple breathing.
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m man, a liquid nasal consonant sound.

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l" let, a liquid consonant sound.

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COMPOUND CONSONANT SOUNDS

1. That of ch in chest (aspirate). | 2. That of j in jest (vocal).

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EXERCISES ON THE VOWEL AND CONSONANT SOUNDS

Particular heed should be given in these Exercises to the significance of the Italicized letters. Let the pupil first pronounce the representative sound by itself, and then apply it to the letter or letters in Italic in the Exercises.

Thus, under the element 7, in the word grovel, both the final letters, being Italicized, ought to come under the single sound of l. In the word chapel, the only being Italicized, the e should be sounded. In the word inveigh, four letters come under the sound of long a. For convenience in reference, the following exercises are arranged in alphabetical order.

It should be explained to the pupil that several letters or combinations of letters are often used to express the same sound. Thus, the ea in great, the ei in vein, and the eigh in weigh, have the same sound as the a in fate, and are the substitutes or equivalents of that element; the ai in again is the equivalent of e in met, &c.

ELEMENTARY SOUNDS.

VOWEL SOUNDS.

29. a:-(1st elementary sound, as in father, sometimes called Italian a). Alarm, almond, ah, arm, are, aunt, avaunt, balm, bar, bark, barge, bath, calf, calm.

30. ๕

Carpet, charge, charm, craunch, daunt, draught,51 farm, flaunt, gape, gauntlet, guard, half, haunt, hearken, heart, hearth, jaundice.

Lath, laugh, launch, malmsey, mart, path, psalm,59 qualm, salve, saunter, sergeant, star, staunch, startle, taunt, wrath.

:- (2d, as in fat, called short a). Abandon, acrid, adze, album, almoner, aloe, alphabet, amaranth, arid, bade, balcony, banian, baron, barrack, callow, cam-e-o.

Canon, capillary, catch, chancel, clamber, enamel, fallow, farrier, fantastic, galaxy, gamut, gas, gas-e-ous, gather, gladiator, harass, larum, mall, matin.

GO

Panic, paragraph, parry, plaid, raillery, rather, sacrament, sacrifice, salic, sample, tapestry, tarry, tassel, translate, wrap.

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31. a: (3d, called long a, as in fate). Abate, aëriäl,16 angel, arraign, aye, bait, bathe, blazon, blatant, cambric, campaign, chaste, chasten, complacent, complaint. Convey, danger, data, day, deign, estrange, fatal, feign, flagrant, gala, gauge, grange, great, hasten, heinous, hey-day, inveigh, jail (also written gaol).

Neighbor, obey, octavo, ornate, pha-e-ton, placable, plaintive, prey, range, sleigh, steak, straight, vacate, veins, verbatim, weigh, zany.

B2. â:— (4th, broad a, as in fall; identical with the sound of broad o, as in ought, nor, &c.). Accord, alder, also, alter, always, appall, auction, aught, author, awful, awl.

Balk, ball, balsam, bauble, bawl, broad, brought, calk, caudle, caught, caustic, cough, daughter, exalt, fall, false, falcon, falchion.

Fawn, forlorn, groat, halt, halter, instalment, lawyer, malt, maudlin, normal, orb, pall, pause, paltry, sward. Salt, sauce, sausage, saucy, scald, snort, squall, stall, swart, swarthy, thraldom, thought, trough,51 waltz, wampum, water.

33. (5th, long e, as in be, me, &c.). Adhesion, ægis, ē: antique, au-re'o-la, bohea, breviary, brief, caprice, colos-se'um, concede, conceit, critique.

Dear, deceit, de-i-fy, demesne, demon, eagle, e'en, egotism, either, fatigue, feet, field, fiend, freeman, grieve, inveigle, key, leaf, lief.

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Machine, marine, mean, mien, negro, people, phoenix, pier, pique, precept, premature, prescience, quay, ravine. Receipt, redeem, relief, routine, seize, serial, siege, sphere, tea, theist, torpedo, treaty, unique, weasand. 34. ĕ:-(6th, short e, as in let). (Be careful to render this sound in again, forget, yet, kettle, &c.) Accidental, again, against, any, banishment, bed, bestial, bread, breakfast, cellar, cleanse, deaf, engine, errant, erring, etiquette.57

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Feoff, ferule, fetid, forget, friend, get, guess, happiness, heaven, heifer, helmet, imminent, kettle, leopard, many, meadow, merit, merry, peasant.

Pellet, pell-mell, peremptory, pheasant, prebend, predatory, predecessor, predicate, preface, presage, ready, realm, represent, rev'er-y, said, says.

Schedule, special, spheric, stereotype, sterile, tepid, treble, tremulous, trevet, umbrella, velvet, very, yesterday, yet, zealot.

35. I:-(7th, short i, as in dan, pin, &c.). Abyss, been, bid, biscuit, breeches, build, busy, capricious, captain, carriage, chagrin, chirrup, chrysalis, conduit, curtain, England, feminine.

Forfeit, fountain, frigid, give, hyp, it, implicit, in

sipid, juvenile, lin-e-al, livelong, litigious, lyric, marriage, minim, miracle, mirror.

45

Mountain, myth, plinth, pretty, pyramid, guilt, rescind, ridicule, ritual, rhythm, satiric, scrivener, sieve, spiracle, spirit, styptic.

Synod, triturate, typical, typify, vigil, vineyard, virulent, visor, vivacity, wind, witty, women.

36. ō:- (8th, long o, as in note, vote, &c.). Antelope, beau, billow, boat, boll, bolster, both, bourn, bowling-alley, bowsprit, brooch, bu'reau, cloak, clothe, coal, coat.

16

Coax, cocoa, coë'val, coulter, curioso, diplomacy, depose, dome, dotard, dough, droll, engross, encroach, fellow, foe, folk, follow.

Force, froward, furlough, glow, goal, gold, gourd, gross, hautboy, host, jocose, knoll, locomotive, loth, moat, molten, more, most.

Mote, moulder, oasis, oats, olio, only, onyx, oral, patrol, portly, poultry, prorogue, revoke, road, roll, rondeau, scroll.

Sew, show, shrove, sloth, soap, soar, sonorous, soul stone, strew, strode, though, throat, throe.

Toad, towardly, troll, trover, trow, votive, votary, whole, wholly, window, woe, yeoman, zodiac.

37. ŏ:— (9th, short o, as in got, not, &c.; a sound identical with that of a in was, wallow, &c., which is the fourth elementary sound shortened). Alcohol, body, bond, betrothed, chaps, clod, coffee.

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Column, conch, coral, dross, florid, font, forage, fossil, frost, froth, gloss, grovel, halibut, hostile, hovel, jocund, knowledge, monad.

Monologue, moth, novel, octagon, opera, polygon, quadrant, quality, quash, quarry, scallop, solve, sorrel, sorry, squadron, squalid, swamp, swan.

Swap, tonic, topic, torrid, toss, trode, vocative, volatile, wad, wan, wand, wander, warrant, was, wasp, yacht,55 yonder.

38. u:- (10th, as in bull, the same sound as o in woman, and short oo in good). Ambush, book, brook, bulletin, bully, butcher, could, crook, cuckoo, cushion, foot, full.

Fuller, hook, look, pull, pulley, pulpit, push, puss, put, should, wolf, woollen, woman, wood, would.

39. 00:- (11th, long oo, as in fool, cool; the same sound as

40 u:

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the o in move, and the u in rude,* &c.). Accoutre, balloon, behove, boom, boor, booty, broom, bruin, bruise, bruit.

Brutal, canoe, cool, cooper, croup, cruel, cruise, cuckoo, do, druid, fruit, groom, group, hoop, imbrue, improve, lampoon, loo, lose, loser, monsoon.

Moody, moon, ooze, pontoon, poor, prove, prudent, recruit, rheum, room, routine, ruby, rule, rural, shoe, surtout, tomb, truant, true, two, uncouth, who, woo.

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41. W:

- (12th, short u, as in but). Above, among, blood, brother, burrow, chough,51 colander, color, combat, come, comfort, compass, couplet, cousin,46 covetous, does, done.

Dost, doth, double, dove, enough, flood, flourish, front, govern, honey, housewife, hurricane, hurry, joust, love, money, monk, mulct.

Murrain, none, nothing, null, onion, pommel, pulp, punish, puppet, rough, shovel, sloven, some.

Somerset, son, southern, study, thorough, tongue, touch, turret, wonted, worry, young.

VOWEL OR CONSONANT SOUNDS.

(13th, as in will, swoon, &c. Remark that in one, once, the o stands for two sounds, namely, that of w and of u short; the words being pronounced wũn, wunce).

Choir (kwir), cuirass (kwe'ras), once, one, quake, quorum, squadron, suite (swēt), swear.

43

Thwart, waft, wain, way, weather, whether, wine,

woe, woo, wood, wormwood.

42. y:-(14th, as in yes). Asia, conciliate, filial, Indian, million, minion, odious, pinion.

Poniard, rebellion, vermilion, yawn, yerk, yield, yolk, yon, yonder, yore, youth.

CONSONANT SOUNDS.

43. h:-(15th, as in hat; a breathing sound. Be careful to

*Owing to the trilled quality of r when it begins a word or syllable, with or without another consonant, the succeeding u or ue has the sound of oo long, and not the long, diphthongal sound of u as in mute (the second compound vowel sound). There is a trilled effect to the letter 7, under similar circumstances; and though some or'thoëpists say we should give the long diphthongal sound to the u and ue in lute, blue, plume, &c., it may more properly be said that the sound should be intermediate between oo long and u long, partaking, though slightly, of the y sound. See Sargent's Standard Fourth Reader, page 25.

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