65. ou:

Curule, curfew, dew, due, duke, eulogy, feud, feudal, gubernatorial, hue, imbue, impugn, institution, knew (not noo), mildew, minutiæ, neutral.

New, newt, oppugn, pentateuch, pewter, produce, pursuit, reduce, renewal, repute, residue, retinue, scorbutic, sinew, skewer.

Steward, sue, suit, tube, Tuesday, tumid, tune, tutor, view, virtue.

(3d, as in house, bound, &c.). Arouse, astound, bounteous, bout, brow, brown, browse, cloudy, compound, couch, cowslip, doughty, dowry.

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Drought, droughty, endow, flout, fountain, loud, lounge, noun, now, ounce, plough, powder, propound,

renown.

Shout, sour, shower, thou, thousand, vouch, vouchsafe, vowel, without.

66. oi:-(4th, as in noise, voice, &c. Beware of perverting this sound into 7). Alloy, anoint, appoint, avoid, boiler, boy, broil, buoy, choice, coif.

Coin, decoy, doit, embroider, embroil, employ, foible, hoist, join, joint, jointure, moiety, noisome, oil, oyster, point.

Poise, poison, quoin, quoit, recoil, royal, soil, spoil, toil, toilsome, toy, troy.

COMPOUND CONSONANT SOUNDS.

67. ch:-(1st compound consonant sound, aspirate, as in each, chest, &c.). Attach, anchovy, beach, chair, chalk, chamber, champion, charity, charming, charter, chary,69 check, chin, cochineal.

Inch, march, milch, mis'chievous, much, niche, righteous, satchel, scorch, touchedst, truncheon, vouch.

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68. j(2d, vocal, as in jar). Age, ægis, astringent, bulge, doge, divulged, exchanged, huge, jejune, jungle, gelatin, gelid, gem, gem'ini, ge-o-pon'ics.

Gerund, gibbet, gibe, giblet, gilly-flower, gin, ginger, gipsy, giraffe', girandole, gist, gymnas'tic, gymno'tus,

gyre.

Gyr-falcon, gypsum, gyve, obliged, per'jure, refuge, registry, soldier, stage, suggest.

eriminated. Readers are very apt to slight it. In regard to the introduction of this sound after land r, see note, page 15. Where we have marked the u long in this work, it is intended to indicate that the y sound should be introduced.

MODIFIED VOWEL SOUNDS.

69. Long a before r has a modified sound, as in care. Apply this sound to the following words: Apparent, bare, bear, charity, chary, dare, daring, fair, pair, heir, ne'er, parent, repair, scare, share, stair, tear, there, transparent, transparency.

70. Intermediate a is a sound between that of a in father and a in fat. It occurs in words of the following class: Advance, alas, basket, brass, castle, clasp, dance, fast, glance, glass, graft, pass, quaffed, shaft, slander, task, trance, vast, waft.

71. The vowels * e, i, u and y, and their equivalents, have a short and obtuse EI sound when followed by r in a monosyllable or in an accented syllable; as, her, deter, fir, occur, myrrh. The same sound may take place in an unaccented syllable; as, poverty, several. In this class of words be careful to give the r its pure but untrilled sound. Do not say fust for first, bust for burst, povuhty for poverty, &c. Practise the following: Bird, burn, burnish, burst, colonel, cur, curst, curtain," dearth, durst, earl, early, earn, earth, err, erst, first, fur, furl.

Girl, girt, heard, hearse, her, hirsute, hyperbole, irksome, journey, learn, learning, merchant, mirth, myrrh, nervous,

murst.

Pearl, purse, rehearse, term, terse, therefore, third, turf, vernal, virgin, virtue, were, worst.

72. A vowel is said to be "obscured," when, in order to gain in case or rapidity of enunciation, we make the sound some shades less decidedly what it would be if the syllable in which it occurs were accent'ed. Obscure the vowel sounds indicated by the Italicized letters in the following words:

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Arrival, blossom, brier, cabal, comma, † compass, equally, grammar, husband, infinite, instantly, nation.

Nobleman, parrot, penalty, ribald, rival, robber, sulphur, temperance, venal, verbal.

73. In the following and many similar words, vowel sounds occurring in unaccented syllables ought not to be obscured. Do not say feller, morrer, &c. The vowel sounds referred to are here represented by Italicized letters:

Anthem, apology, appetite, barrow, billow, cohere, colony, compromise, council, crocodile, deputy, desolate, dividend, educate, engraver, fellow, follow, fortune, goodness.

*The short sound of o followed by r is the same as broad a, or the fourth clementary sound, in fall; as, nor, form, storm, adorn, forlorn, morn, &c. But o falls under the er sound in word, worth, worm, &c.

† A final and unaccented in a syllable or word has generally an obscure Bound of a in father.

Hero, hollow, latin, memorable, motto, morrow, nature, opposite, philosophy, pillow, potato, profane, sorrow, statue, thorough, tobacco, vigil, virtue, wallow, window.

CONSONANT COMBINATIONS.

In the following Exercises, consonant combinations, in which every letter has its elementary sound, and which are isolated from words, are given as formulas for the sound to be applied to the Italicized portions of the words which follow as examples. It may be well for the pupil to first utter the word, and then verify the sound of the Italicized letters by reference to the corresponding combination preceding it. He may then enounce the combinations separately; but should he find this difficult, the purpose will be answered if he be made to understand the object of the isolated consonants, where the letters differ from those in the corresponding words. The order of the leading consonant sounds is according to that in the table, page 11. 74. Md, mdst, mf, mfs, mft, mp, mps. - Doom'd, doom'dst, triumph, nymphs, triumph'd, imp, imps.

75. Mpst, mst, mt, mts, mtst, mz. - Thump'st, com'st, attempt, prompts, prompt'st, sums.

76. Nch, ncht, nd, ndst, ndz, nyd. — Flinch, finch'd, bend, bend'st, bends, hang'd.

77. Nydst, ngk, ngks, ngkst, ngkt. — Hang'dst, wink, sinks, sink'st, sink'd.

78. Ngth, ngths, ngz, nj, njd, ns. - Length, lengths, hangs, range, changed, wince.

79. Nsh, nst, nt, nth, nths, nts, ntst, nz. taunt, plinth, months, taunts, taunt'st, fins.

Avalanche, canst,

80. Lb, lbd, lbz, lch, Icht, ld, ldst, ldz. - Bulb, bulb'd, bulbs, milch, filch'd, hold, hold'st, holds.

81. Lf, lfs, lft, lj, ljd, lk, lks, lkt, lkts, lm. — Gulf, gulfs, delft, bulge, bulg'd, silk, silks, mulct, mulcts, whelm.

Whelm'd,

82. Lmd, Imz, In, lp, lps, lpst, lpt, ls, Ist, lt. whelms, fall'n, whelp, helps, help'st, help'd, false, fall'st, fault. 83. Lth, lths, lts, ltst, lv, lvd, luz, lz. Health, healths, faults, halt’st, shelve, shelv'd, shelves, halls.

84. Rb, rbd, rbdst, rbst, rbz, rch, rcht, rd, rdst, rdz. — Barb, barb'd, barb’dst, barb`st, barbs, march, march'd, heard, heard'st, herds.

85. Rf, rfs, rft, rg, rgz, rj, rjd, rk, rks, rkst, rkt,`rktst. Turf, scarfs, turf'd, burgh, burghs, urge, urg'd, hark, barks harks't, hark'd, harkd'st."

86. Rl, rid, rldst, rlst, rlz, rm, rmd, rmdst, rmst, rmth - Hurl, hurl'd, hurl'dst, hurl'st, hurls, warm, warm'd warmd'st, warm'st, warmth, warms.

rmz.

* See note, p. 18.

87. Rn, rnd, rndst, rnst, rnt, rnz, rp, rps, rpst, rpt, rptst. Warn, warn'd, warnd'st, burn'st, burnt, burns, harp, harps, harp'st, harp'd, harp'dst.

88. Rs, rsh, rst, rsts, rt, rth, rths, rts, rtst.—Purse, harsh burst, bursts, hurt, hearth, hearths, hurts, hurt'st.

89. Rv, rvd, rvdst, rvst, roz, rz. - Curve, curv'd, curv'dst, curv'st, curves, jars.

90. (P, aspirate.) Pl, pld, pldst, plst, plz, pr, ps, pst, pt, pth, pths, pts. - Plan, rippl'd, rippl'dst, rippl'st, ripples, prim, whips, whipp'st, crypt, depth, depths, crypts.

91. (B, vocal.) Bd, bdst, bl, bld, bldst, blst, blz, br, bst, bz. - Robb'd, daub'dst, trouble, troubl'd, troubl'dst, troubl'st, troubles, brow, prob'st, robs.

92. (F, aspirate.) Fl, fld, fidst, fist, fr, fs, fst, ft, fth, fths, fts, ftst. — Flame, trifl'd, trifl'dst, trifl'st, frown, laughs, laugh'st, waft, fifth, fifths, wafts, waft'st.

93. (V, vocal.) Vd, vdst, vl, vld, vldst, vlst, vlz, vn, vnth, vnz, vst, vz.-- Liv'd, liv'dst, driv'l, driv'l'd, driv'l'dst, driv'l'st, driv'ls, driv'n, elev'nth, heav'ns, liv'st, lives.

94. (Th, aspirate, as in thin.) Thn, thnd, thndst, thnz, thr, ths, tht.Strength'n, strength'n'd, length'n'dst, strength'ns, throb, truths, betroth'd.

95. (Th, vocal, as in this.) Thd, thst, thz. - Wreath'd, wreath'st, wreaths.

96. (T, aspirate.) Tl, tld, tldst, tlst, tlz, tr, ts, tst.—Settle, settl'd, settl'dst, settl'st, settles, trust, combats, combat'st.

97. (D, vocal.) Dl, dld'st, dlst, dlz, dn, dnd, dndst, dnst, dnz, dr, dst, dth, dths, dz. Kindle, kindl'dst, kindl'st, kindles, hard'n, hard'n'd, hard'n'dst, hard'n'st, hard'ns, dread, didst, breadth, breadths, deeds.

98. (K, aspirate.) Kl, kld, kldst, klst, klz, kn, knd, kndst, knst, knz, kr, ks, kt, kts. Truckle, truckl'd, truckl'dst, truck'lst, truckles, black'n, black'n'd, black'n'dst, black'n'st, black'ns, crime, six, kicks, correct, rocked, acts.

99. (G. vocal.) Gd, gdst, gl, gld, gldst, glst, glz, gr, gst, gz. Fagg'd, fagg'dst, glow, mangl'd, mangl'dst, mangl'st, mangles, grim, digg'st, digs.

100. (S, aspirate, as in sin.) Sf, sk, skr, sks, skst, skt, sl, sld, sidst, slst, slz, sm, sn, snz, sp, spl, spr, sps, spt, st, str, sts. Sphere, skip, screw, masks, mask'st, mask'd, slay, nestl'd, nestl'dst nestl'st, nestles, smoke, sneer, bas'ns, spot, splash, spring, clasps, clasp'd, stay, street, insists.

101. (Z, vocal, as in zeal.) Zd, zl, zld, zldst, zlst, zlz, zm, zmz, zn, znd, zndst, znst. · Amaz'd, muzzle, muzzl'd, muzzl❜dst

muzzl❜st, muzzles, chasm, chasms, pris'n, reas'n'd, reas'n'dst, reas'nst.

102. (Sh, aspirate, as in shine.) Shr, sht. — Shrink, shrine, shrive, shrill, shrub, shriek, shroud, shrank, shrunken, pushed, hushed. (The sh should be carefully sounded in the preceding combination with r.)

103. (Z, vocal, as in azure, sometimes expressed by zh, is the Cognate sound of sh; but it does not occur in consonant combinations in English.)

104. (Ch, aspirate, as in chest.) Cht.-Fetch'd, hatch'd, watch'd, latch'd, scratch'd.

105. (J, vocal, as in jest.) Jd. — Urg'd, emerg'd, cag'd, engag'd, besieg'd.

ARTICULATION.

106. Articulation is the linking together of the elementary sounds, so as to form them into syllables and words. Pronunciation refers to the vocal sound produced; and is either correct or incorrect, according as it conforms with or deviates from that which is considered the true standard.

107. The power of articulation constitutes a marked difference between men and brutes; the latter, being unable to articulate, can only utter indistinct sounds. There can be no good elocution without a pure and accurate articulation. Frequent practice in the preceding lists of words, illustrating the elementary sounds and combinations of consonant sounds, will do much to remedy the ordinary faults in articulation to which the young are liable.

108. Be careful to give to every word its proper sounds. Do not say an for and, givin for giving, spere for sphere, prmote for promote, &c. Do not, add to a word a sound that does not belong to it. Do not say helum for helm, lawr for law. Avoid depriving a letter unnecessarily of its regular sound. Do not say git for get, kittle for kettle, kindniss for kindness, &c. Do not rob the r of its true force in such words as energy, property. Distinguish between r trilled and untrilled.

109. The practice of running words together, so as to make two or more sound like one, is not proper in English. Do not say beforer, instead of before her; acroster, instead of across her, &c. Let every word be enunciated separately and clearly. When a word ends with s, and the next begins with s, the first must be pronounced distinctly and unmingled with the second; as, the hosts still fought; the mists seem gathering, &c. Do not pervert the sound of aw into or; do not say droring for drawing, sorring for sawing, &c.