ther than to be fwallowed up in the intrigues he was engaged in, and which might have been productive of much mischief.

On our return to head quarters, we found several general officers and colonels, with whom we dined. I had an opportunity of converfing more particularly with general Waine; he has ferved more than any officer of the American army, and his fervices have been more diftinguished, though he is yet but young. He is fenfible, and his converfation is agreeable and animated. The affair of Stoney Point has gained him much honour in the army; however, he is only a brigadier-genéral !'

The tranflator takes care to remove the afperfion of a mean trade from general Knox, by telling us that he dealt in various articles, one of which happened to be books; but we are affured, for his credit, that he applied himself more to read. ing than to felling them. Perhaps, if clofely queftioned, he might tell us, that Sullivan, writing a good hand, fometimes for the fervice of his friends engroffed law-deeds; but that he more frequently attended courts for his own amufement; or that Mr. Morris only lived by privateering, because, happily, he loved the feas ;—yet Arnold must be stigmatized as a horse. dealer.

In purfuing the marquis, as a natural historian, we find him often defective and fometimes erroneous. He remarks, that the Americans diftinguifh birds from their colours, or their properties, rather than by scientific names. This evinces the little progrefs which fcience has made in that country; for the fame defect occurred in the infancy of this fcience in other nations. The inhabitants of New England did not furely defign to leffen this inconvenience, by fubftituting Hebrew for English; for this, the marquis informs us, was once their intention: these sturdy republicans were not probably aware, that there was a term for a king in that and every other language. It is not in the language only that we difcern the deficiency of the Americans in fcience: the marquis's remarks on different fubjects of fcience, and their profeffors, vol. i. p. 228, &c. fhow, that natural knowlege, and particularly naturalhistory, has made but a small progrefs in the new world. The French will probably affift them; for they have established a botanical garden at New York, as a depôt of the vegetable riches of America. In the fine arts, we have the translator's evidence that they are equally deficient. But to return.

Thefe hills, heaped confufedly one upon another, oblige you to be continually mounting and defcending, without your being able to distinguish, in this wild region, the fummit, which, rifing above the reft, announces to you a conclusion ta your labours. This disorder of Nature reminded me of the leffons of him whom she has chofen for her confidant and interpretera

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preter. The vifion of M. de Buffon appeared to me in these ancient deferts. He feemed to be in his proper element, and to point out to me, under a flight cruft formed by the deftruction of vegetables, the inequality of a globe of glass, which has. cooled after a long fufion. The waters, faid he, have done nothing here; look around you, you will not find a fingle calcareous flone; every thing is quartz, granite, or fiint. I made experiments on the ftones with aqua fortis, and could not help concluding, what has not obtained fufficient credit in Europe, not only that he speaks well, but that he is always in the right.' f The marquis, we are told, is a member of the Royal Academy of Sciences: we would recommend that, at their next fession, he should be queftioned on this subject, and desired to explain how granite and flint can be formed by fire, independ ent of water. It is M. de Buffon's system; but it is probably more fanciful than true; in fact, except in the high mountains, the greater part of the midland country confifts of lime-stone. We need not remark, how inefficacious his aqua fortis is, which he conftantly employs in the decifion of important queftions. In his enquiry into the formation of the natural bridge, he is not very clear or fatisfactory; but he gives us an observation of far more importance and more decifive, viz. that the ftrata are horizontal. It decides, however, against M. de Buffon. Perhaps too, he may be informed by the Academy, that an inftance of disease ought not to have been styled a lufus

naturæ.

We fhall conclude this article with a defcription highly finished, and, as the author did not ufe his aqua fortis, fufficiently correct. It is that of the Totohaw-Fall.

Let the reader figure to himself, then, a river running between mountains covered with firs, the dark green of which is in contact with the colours of its waters, and renders it courfe more majestic; let him reprefent to himself an immenfe rock, which would totally close up the paffage, had it not by an earthquake, or fome other fubterraneous revolution, been rent in feveral pieces, from its fummit to its bafe, by this means forming long crevices perfectly vertical. One of these crevices, the depth of which is unknown, may be twenty-five or thirty feet wide. It is in this cavern that the river having cleared a part of the rock, precipitates itself with violence; but as this rock croffes its whole bed, it can only escape by that extremity of the two, which offers it an outlet. There a fresh obstacle prefents itself: another rock oppofes its flight, and it is obliged to form a right angle, and turn fhort to the left. But it is extraordinary, that after this dreadful fall, it neither froths, nor boils up, nor forms whirlpools, but goes off quietly by its channel, and gains, in filence, a profound valley, where it pulíues its courfe to the fea. This perfect calm, after a move

ment

ment fo rapid, can only proceed from the enormous depth of the cavern, into which it is plunged. I did not examine the rock with aqua fortis ; but as there feems to be no calcareous ftones in this country, I take it to be hard rock, and of the nature of quartz: but it prefents a peculiarity worthy of attention, which is, that its whole furface is hollowed into little iquares, Was it in a ftate of fufion when raifed from the bowels of the earth, and it blocked up the paffage of the river? These vertical crevices, thefe flaws on the furface, are they the effects of its cooling? Thefe are queftions I leave to the difcuffion of the learned: I fhall only obferve, that there is no volcanic appearance; nor through this whole country are there the smallest traces of a volcano, of fuch at least as are pofterior to the last epochas of nature,'

We have not yet finished this very unequal miscellaneous work: we have other circumftances to point out, which deferve both praise and blame; but these we must refer to a future Number.

Remarkable Occurrences in the Life of Jonas Hanway, Efq. By John Pugh. 8vo. 45. Jerved.

MR.

Cadell.

R. Hanway has been joined with Mr. Howard: the fame active benevolence, the fame unwearied perfeverance, the fame eagerness to do good, feem to have actuated the breafts of both. Calumny found its dart pointless; and even envy could not fully the tale with its malignant breath. It was pure philanthropy who guided the ftep of the one to the loathfome dungeon; it was mild benevolence which directed the eye of the other, as he paffed along, to objects whom he could affift. Their's is the praife, with the heartfelt consciousness of having done well: the nation will receive folid benefit from their labours.

Mr. Hanway, in his early life, was an author: to him we are indebted for the first rational account of Perfia, and the Perfian monarch; for the travellers which preceded him were fomewhat too fond of the marvellous. Their geographical veracity has been lately vindicated with apparent reafon; but their exaggerated defcriptions must remain. It would be useless to return with Mr. Hanway over the Caspian sea, and to follow his steps, or partake his hardships in Perfia. Mr. Pugh has given a judicious abstract of his travels, in this volume. It is equally unneceffary to point out the object which drew our traveller to thefe unfrequented fpots, viz. the establishment of a trade with Perfia. The end will be now attained by the more gradual and effectual means of our connections with Indoftan.

From the period of his return, the life of Mr. Hanway confifts of the history of the various charities in which he took an active part, or of the national inftitutions in the establishment of which he affifted.

His first appearance as a public man was in the contest on the famous bill for naturalizing the Jews. At that period it was an improper measure; and while this people are more distinguished as a commercial than a manufacturing race; while they are rather itinerant artizans than induftrious citizens; and while they are bound by ceremonies injurious to fociety, perhaps the measure will ftill be confidered as impolitic. Mr. Cumberland has lately brought the caufe of this unfortunate, this oppressed race, again under confideration; and, when we reflect on their various fates, on their general diffufion and rejection from all civil communions, we almoft, with our biographer, fee a divine interpofition fulfilling its own denunciation. Let no one pronounce this judgment to be harsh till he has fully confidered the facts: we wish them well as men; but, with all our toleration, cannot defire to affociate with them as brethren.

His next public engagement was in the plan for the uniform paving the streets; a measure long finçe completed, fo as not only to add to the health, but to the convenience of the people, It was a noble encomium on the English conftitution, which fell from a Frenchman, to whom a friend was giving some ac count of thefe improvements ;-Ah, c'eft en Angleterre, que le peuple font rois. It is in England that the people are kings.' Mr. Pugh gives an account of the origin and progress of this falutary measure.

His next attempt was to calm the minds of the nation, who, in 1755, were apprehenfive of an invafion. Lord Chatham fucceeded in this attempt better than Mr. Hanway; for, in a few years, he alarmed the whole coaft of France contiguous to the Channel. The objects of the Marine Society, the Maritime School, the Foundling and Magdalen hofpitals, are well known of thefe inftitutions, he was either an original inftitutor, or an early promoter.

In a little sketch, Travels in a humble style, viz. from Portfmouth to Kingston, he attacked Dr. Johnfon's favourite beverage, tea, and brought on him felf the vengeance of the literary coloffus; but this foon disappeared, without bad confequences.

His reafons for employing twelve thoufand additional feamen in time of peace, are very strong, and deferve, at this moment, the attention of the legiflature. His affiftance to the Stepney Society, for apprenticing out orphans and the children

of

of the poor to marine trades, added to its credit and its finances. The fubfcription which he promoted for furnishing the British troops in Germany with useful articles of cloathing, was very advantageously employed. His plan for preferving the poor infants of the metropolis, by procuring an act of parliament to oblige the parishes to rear them in the country, was of very great importance.

We can only mention his promoting the fubfcription for the relief of the fufferers by fire in Montreal; his benevolent endeavours to alleviate the misfortunes of the little chimneyfweepers; his attempt to introduce the common, inftead of fine bread, which he confidered as more nutritive, and lefs injurious in other refpects. Thefe, with fome leffer matters, we do not pass over as of lefs importance in his useful life, but because we cannot enlarge on every thing useful which he promoted.

Mr.

This Life is drawn up with modefty and propriety. Pugh was intimately acquainted with Mr. Hanway, and has conveyed a very lively refemblance of him. The features of his mind appear in his works: we shall felect those of his perfon.

His features were fmall, but without the infignificance which commonly attends fmall features. His countenance was interefting, fenfible, and calculated to inspire reverence. His blue eyes had never been brilliant; but they expreffed the utmoft humanity and benevolence; and when he spoke, the animation of his countenance and the tone of his voice were fuch as feemed to carry conviction with them even to the mind of a tranger. When he endeavoured to foothe diftrefs, or point out to any wretch who had ftrayed, the comforts of a virtuous life, he was peculiarly impreffive; and every thing that he faid had an air of confideration and fincerity.

In his dress, as far as was confiftent with his ideas of health and ease, he accommodated himself to the prevailing fashion. As it was frequently neceffary for him to appear in polite circles, on unexpected occafions, he ufually wore dress cloths, with a large French bag: his hat, ornamented with a gold button, was of a fize and fafhion to be worn as well under the arm as on the head. When it rained, a fmall parapluie defended his face and wig. Thus he was always prepared to en ter into any company, without impropriety, or the appearance of negligence. His drefs for fet public occafions was a fuit of rich dark brown; the coat and waistcoat lined throughout with ermine, which just appeared at the edges; and a small gold-hilted fword. As he was extremely fufceptible of cold, he wore flannel under the linings of all his cloaths, and ufually three pair of stockings. He was the first man who ventured to walk the streets of London with an umbrella over his head : after

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