-that the words and phrases of a declarative sentence may take; illustrate the different positions of the parts of an interrogative, of an imperative, and of an exclamatory sentence; illustrate the different ways of contracting sentences.

Exercises on the Composition of the Sentence and the Paragraph

(SEE PAGES 196-199)

TO THE TEACHER. See notes to the teacher, pages 44, 179.

LESSON 59

COMPLEX SENTENCE

ADJECTIVE CLAUSE

Introductory Hints. The sentences given for analysis in the preceding Lessons contain each but one subject and one predicate. They are called Simple Sentences.

A discreet youth makes friends. In Lesson 17 you learned that you could expand the adjective discreet into a phrase, and say, A youth of discretion makes friends. You are now to learn that you can expand it into an expression that asserts, and say, A youth that is discreet makes friends. This part of the sentence and the other part, A youth makes friends, containing each a subject and a predicate, we call Clauses.

The adjective clause that i discreet, performing the office of a single word, we call a Dependent Clause; A youth makes friends, not performing such office, we call an Independent Clause.

The whole sentence, composed of an independent and a dependent clause, we call a Complex Sentence.

A dependent clause that does the work of an adjective is called an Adjective Clause.

Analysis

1. They that touch pitch will be defiled.

They will be defiled +

that

touch pitch

Explanation. The relative importance of the two clauses is shown by their position, by their connection, and by the difference in the shading of the lines. The pronoun that is written on the subject line of the dependent clause. That performs the office of a conjunction also. This office is shown by the dotted line. As modifiers are joined by slanting lines to the words they modify, you learn from this diagram that that touch pitch is a modifier of they.

Oral Analysis. This is a complex sentence because it consists of an independent clause and a dependent clause. They will be defiled is the independent clause, and that touch pitch is the dependent. That touch pitch is a modifier of they because it limits the meaning of they; the dependent clause is connected by its subject that to they.

TO THE TEACHER. Illustrate the connecting force of who, which, and that by substituting for them the words for which they stand, and noting the loss of connection.

2. The lever which moves the world of mind is the printing-press.

3. Wine makes the face of him who drinks it to excess blush for his habits.

Explanation. The adjective clause does not always modify the subject.

4. Photography is the art which enables commonplace mediocrity to look like genius.

5. In 1685 Louis XIV. signed the ordinance that revoked the Edict of Nantes.

6. The thirteen colonies were welded together by the measures which Samuel Adams framed.

Explanation. The pronoun connecting an adjective clause is not always a subject.

7. The guilt of the slave-trade,* which sprang out of the traffic with Guinea, rests with John Hawkins.

I found +

place

you referred
+

8

which

8. I found the place to which you referred.

9. The spirit in which we act is the highest matter.

10. It was the same book that I referred to.

Explanation. The phrase to that modifies referred. That connects the adjective clause. When the pronoun that connects an adjective clause, the preposition never precedes. The diagram is similar to that of (8).

11. She that I spoke to was blind.

12. Grouchy did not arrive at the time that Napoleon most needed him.

Explanation.

which.

=

in

A preposition is wanting. That (Can you find a word that would here sound better than that?)

13. Attention is the stuff that memory is made of. 14. It is to you that I speak.

Explanation. Here the preposition, which usually would stand last in the sentence, is found before the complement of the independent clause. In analysis restore the preposi

*See Lesson 61, foot-note.

tion to its usual placeIt is you that I speak to. speak to modifies the subject.

That 1

15. It was from me that he received the information.

(Me must be changed to I when from is restored to its usual position.)

mountains

base is

whose

16. Islands are the tops of mountains whose base is in the bed of the ocean.

Explanation. The connecting pronoun is here a possessive modifier of base.

17. Unhappy is the man whose mother does not make all mothers interesting.

LESSON 60

ADJECTIVE CLAUSES

CONTINUED

Analysis

1. Trillions of waves of ether enter the eye and hit the retina in the time you take to breathe.

Explanation. The connecting pronoun that* is omitted.

2. The smith takes his name from his smoothing the metals he works on.

3. Socrates was one of the greatest sages the world ever

saw.

4. Whom the Lord loveth he chasteneth.

Explanation. The adjective clause modifies the omitted antecedent of whom. Supply him.

5. He did what was right.

*When whom, which, and that would, if used, be object complements, they are often omitted. Macaulay is the only writer we have found who seldom or never omits them.

x

+

Explanation. The adjective clause modifies the omitted word thing, or some word whose

what was right meaning is general or indefi

nite.*

6. What is false in this world below betrays itself in a love of show.

7. The swan achieved what the goose conceived.

8. What men he had were true.

The relative pronoun what here precedes its noun like an adjective. Analyze as if arranged thus: The men what (= that or whom) he had were true.

9. Whoever does a good deed is instantly ennobled.

Explanation. The adjective clause modifies the omitted subject (man or he) of the independent clause.

10. I told him to bring whichever was the lightest. 11. Whatever crushes individuality is despotism. 12. A dépôt is a place where stores are deposited.

depot is place +

phere

stores \are_deposited

Explanation. The line representing where is made up of two parts. The upper part represents where as a conjunction connecting

the adjective clause to place, and the lower part represents

* Many grammarians prefer to treat what was right as a noun clause (see Lesson 71), the object of did. They would treat in the same way clauses introduced by whoever, whatever, whichever.

"What was originally an interrogative and introduced substantive clauses. Its use as a compound relative is an extension of its use as an indirect interrogative; it is confined to clauses which may be parsed as substantives, and before which no antecedent is needed, or permitted to be expressed. Its possessive whose has, however, attained the full construction of a relative." Prof. F. A. March.