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treatise he fhewed a very profound knowlege of the antiquities of his country. The Royal Society could not but be much pleased with such a piece, on account of the connection between the German and British Antiquities.

The moft famous piece of antiquity in England, is the Anglo-Saxon monument on Salisbury Plain, called Stonehenge. This remainder of the first ages of the world, has been cleared up by Mr. Keysler, with fuch folidity, and learning, as manifeft, that the honour our Society conferred on him, did not exceed his merit.-He next diftinguifhed himself at London, by an ingenious Differtation on the Confecrated Mileta of the Druids, and all his detached Effays were afterwards published, with great applaufe, in the periodical Collections of the learned:-foon after his return to Hanover, in 1720, he published an entire Collection of felect Difcourfes on the Celtic and Northern Antiquities, which met with univerfal approbation.

Hitherto we have fomewhat abreviated the account given by the Prefacer of this edition, and by him borrowed from the Editor of the German edition, (who was Mr. Keyfler's particular acquaintance, and friend)-but what follows, relating to our Author's perfonal History, we fhall give in the Editor's own words.

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The two young Barons Bernftorf were above ten years • under Mr. Keyfler's care, who, by his judicious inftruc⚫tions, and acquaintance with the fciences, fitted them for feeing the world with advantage. He firft went with them, in the year 1727, to Tubingen, where, after a ftay of a C year and a half in that univerfity, they fet out in April, 1729, on that tour which terminated fo much to Mr. Key• fler's benefit and reputation. They vifited the upper part of Germany, Switzerland, and took a particular view of Italy, which has ever been accounted the Land of Curiofities. In the month of June, in the following year, they came to Vienna, where they spent three months in viewing the • infinite variety of remarkable objects which attract the eye in that city. The name of fuch an eminent Minister of. State as Baron Bernftorf, procured them every where ad⚫mittance to the moft private repofitories of antiquities, and to the intimate converfation of men of rank and letters; fo that all things concurred to anfwer the noble defign of their travels. Their next progrefs was into Upper Hungary, Bohemia, and the other parts of Germany. In 1731, they paffed through Lorrain into France; from thence ⚫croffed the channel into England, making Holland the laft

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ftage of their travels, To this tour we are obliged for this < valuable book. My worthy friend, on feveral occafions, .. gave fuch distinguishing proofs of learning, fagacity, and experience, that he had very confiderable offers made him by feveral courts, to fix him among them; but the fingular < esteem, and patronage, of the two Barons Bernftorf, with the ease and retirement he was fo fond of, seemed to him < more eligible than fplendor and authority; fo that he declined feveral honourable pofts, looking upon them as avo<cations from his public-fprited view of a very different nature. The youngest Baron having been nominated Envoy to the Dyet, from the King of Denmark, as Duke of HolsteinGluchftadt, Mr. Keyfler attended him to the Danish court, and afterwards to Ratifbon; after which he spent the re<mainder of his days with the, eldest of his Pupils, who allowed him a very handfome income, as an acknowlegement ⚫ of the noble and useful inftructions he had received from him whilst under his care. As the two brothers had all the reafon in the world to be convinced of his talents and integrity, they committed to his care, not only their fine Library and Museum, but likewise the most weighty concerns of the family; and to a perfon of his ingenuous temper, it gave the beft relifh to his profperity, that it was accompanied with the entire and unreferved confidence of his bene<factors.

We must not imagine that Mr. Keyfler paffed the remainder of his life in a culpable inactivity. The love of fcience is incompatible with the indulgences of a lazy indolent repofe. He had, in his travels, laid the foundation of a fmall library of his own, in which were fome very scarce ⚫ and valuable books. He led a tranquil happy life, while he daily converfed with the illuftrious dead, who were the companions of his retirement. From the fame principle on which he had declined public employments, he fecured his heart against the attracting charms of the fair fex. He particularly delighted in thofe objects that exhibit to us the riches of Nature, in her various productions. It was his opinion, there could not be a nobler employment for a perfon of the greateft learning, than to attend to the voice of the Creator, fpeaking him in the works of creation; fo that his cabinet of natural curiofities, which he had collect

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ed with the most critical nicety, and and at no fmall expence,

was an inexhauftible fund of entertainment to him.

There is in the world a defpicable race of useless men, into whole unworthy hands Fortune has thrown those trea

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• fures of learning, which their little minds, and envious temper keep fecluded from being a public benefit. Their • libraries and cabinets are dumb idols, and are the more highly esteemed, as they are kept like reliques, which must not be profaned by ufe. But Mr. Keyfler was fenfible that mankind were created for a focial life, and was not for burying ' himself among the Adyta of literature. A warm vein of ⚫ benevolence and public fpirit, fhews itfelf in feveral parts of his Celtic Antiquities; and in these Travels he has very · happily led the way, in fhewing the great beauty, and advantage of connecting Natural Philofophy with Geographical Descriptions. His houfe was honoured as a temple of the Muses, and reforted to for the solution of all literary ⚫ doubts. He correfponded with the most eminent Literati • of his time, and his fincerity was no lefs admired than his • extensive knowlege.

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May I be permitted to fay, that a perfon of fo many ac ⚫ complishments, and who made fuch an excellent use of them, was taken from the world too foon. He died in the fifty-fifth year of his age, on the 20th of June, 1743, of an afthma, after viewing, with intrepidity, the gradual approach of death. The ferenity of his mind in that awful crifis, fhewed that his hopes were full of immortality; and the whole tenor of his life demonftrated, that these hopes were well grounded. The exact order in which he left his manufcripts, is a proof that he quitted this world in a wellprepared difpofition.

Had it pleafed the Divine Providence to have added a few years to the Author's life, the prefent new edition of his Travels might have received, from the Author's own hand, • those embellishments which I am not capable of giving it: however, being in fome measure qualified to infpect his manufcripts, I could not refufe the Publisher's request; and I hope this impreffion is free from the many errors of the first ⚫ edition. I have taken the liberty to add several Notes from ecclefiaftical, natural, and literary Hiftory, in order to explain or illustrate the text.'

Having thus laid before our Readers, and, we hope, not to their diffatisfaction, the foregoing anecdotes relating to this truly respectable Author, we fhall now proceed to give them a concife view of the contents of the fecond volume of his Travels.

It begins with a curious account of the extent of the city of Rome, the Pope, his Court, Revenue, and military Forces; the life and death of Benedict XIII; the intrigues of the Conclave,

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Conclave, the climate, and manner of living at Rome; and of the Pretender's perfon, and houfhold. He then proceeds to the religious edifices, and the Pope's palaces, in Rome; its Piazzas of Areas, bridges, gates, palaces, villas and gardens in and near Rome. Tivoli, Frefcati, &c. and the country about Rome, are next defcribed; with the remains of antiquity in that city. From whence he departs for Naples, gives an account of his journey thither; defcribes the city of Naples; and treats, with his ufual accuracy, learning, and judgment, of the antiquities, and natural curiofities, near the city of Naples, towards Puzzuolo, Baix, Cuma, Mifeno, &c. And he concludes with a curious chronological and hiftorical lift of the moft celebrated Painters, fince the revival of Painting, in the XIIIth century.

From this valuable mafs of materials, we fhall, at prefent, felect, for the entertainment of our Readers, Mr. Keyfler's remarks on the extent of Rome, the number of its inhabitants, power of the Pope, &c.

As to the prefent extent of Rome, and the number of its inhabitants, our Author obferves, that feveral cities may be found, both in Europe, and other parts of the world, fuperior to modern Rome; but if we confider its ancient < power, and its fovereignty over fo many powerful nations, for fuch a feries of years, the whole world never produced its equal. Hence Ovid pays it this compliment:

Gentibus eft aliis tellus data limite certo

Romanae fpatium eft Urbis & Orbis idem.

"To ev'ry other ftate are limits fet

And certain bounds, where its dominion ends;

But Rome's wide empire o'er the world extends.'*

And Martial ftiles it Terrarum domina gentiumque Roma "Rome, the miftrefs of the earth, and Queen of nations." The remains of the ancient walls and buildings of the city. demonftrate, that for its vaft circumference it might juftly. be claffed among the principal cities of the world; though I cannot fubfcribe to the palpable exaggerations both of ancient and modern writers on this head. According to Pliny, lib, iii. c. 5. the city walls, in Vefpafian's time, were thirteen thousand two hundred paces in circumference; and Vopifcus, who wrote in Aurelian's time, magnifies them to

We have given the English Tranflator's verfion of the Latin, and other quotations, that our fpecimen may exhibit a compleat view of the manner in which the prefent edition is executed. REY. Dec. 1756.

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fifty thousand. This muft either be a notorious error of the transcriber, or fuch a circuit must have included the feats and gardens in the neighbourhood of Rome. What Voffius, in his Variæ Obfervationes, endeavours to prove, is very weak and abfurd; for he would fain perfuade his readers, that Rome was twenty times as large as Paris and London put together; that Nero's palace alone took up more ground than the greatest of our modern European ci⚫ties; that the number of flaves in Rome, amounted to eight • millions, and the inhabitants in general to fourteen milli< ons; whereas, according to him, the cities of Paris and London do not contain above fix hundred thousand fouls each; and the whole number of inhabitants in the feveral • countries of Europe, do not exceed twenty-eight milli millions. • Whoever gives credit to thefe bare affertions, fhould not difpute with him, when he affirms, the inhabitants of Nanquin, a fingle city in China, to be above twenty millions. • These exaggerations are ftill far fhort of Rolefincks, in his Fafciculus temporum, who computes the inhabitants of Rome, in the time of her highest profperity, at twenty-feven millions and eighty thoufand. Lipfius, under the name of Rome, comprehends all the circumjacent country, as far as Oftia Aricia, Ocriculum, and other diftant places; but this method was not cuftomary among the ancient writers, and it would be juft as reasonable to extend Paris to Verfailles, or include Gravefend within London. Should it be objected, that according to Pomponius, the word urbs fignifies, indeed, what is inclofed by the walls; but the name Rome is to be taken in a larger fenfe, which is further confirmed by the civilian Paulus, in thefe words, Urbis appellatio muris, Romæ autem continentibus ædificiis finitur, quod latius patet; yet it is evident, that Continentia edificia, or ⚫ contiguous buildings, do not include country feats, villages, and towns, and fome at a confiderable diftance. Nay, fuch is the infatuation of Lipfius, in magnifying the extent of Rome, and the number of its inhabitants, that he does not fcruple to alter and falfify fuch paffages in ancient writers, < as make against his chimeras, and blindly follows the moft • abfurd and extravagant affertions of the Greeks, who were • remarkable for their flattery to the Romans. Was ever any thing more ridiculous than what the orator Ariftides fays of Rome in Adrian's time? "It is fo large, fays this writer, "that in any part of it a perfon may always with fome reason "think himfelf in the center of it; fo that a whole year is 66 not fufficient to enumerate other cities that are, as it were,

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