MONEY.

MODES OF TRAVEL

pfenning. Paper is the principal currency. The notes in general use are one, two, five, and ten gulden. When leaving the Tyrol, be certain and get either gold or silver (say francs) for any money you have left in Austrian coin, or else you will lose considerable in discounts.

It is absolutely necessary that your pass

The best season to make the different excursions through the Tyrol is July and August for the northern frontier, September and October for the southern.

The best gold coin to take to the Tyrol is napoleons: it is much better known than English sovereigns. The coins of Bavaria and Austria both pass current in the Tyrol. The Austrian florin or gulden equals 50 c. U. S., and the Bavarian florin or gulden equals 40 c. U. S. Accounts are generally kept in convention munz, marked C. M., which indicates that there are only 60 kreutzers in the gulden, whereas, in common usage, there are 72. The tourist, when he is paying kreutzers away and getting guldens exchanged, had better infer that the reckoning is made 72 kr. to the gulden. Austria has recently adopted a new monetary system (the decimal). but there is no coin to correspond to it. Thus, the new florin (50 c. U. S.) 100 kreutzers, which equals two thirds of the Prussian thaler. Accounts in the Tyrol are mostly kept in the old style, 60 kr.-1 florin C. M.

The gold coin used is worth as follows: Sovereign=10 gulden. Napoleon=8 gulden. The Friedrich d'Or=8 gulden and 10 kreutzers, C. M.

The silver coin are "zwanzigers" or "lire"=164 c. U. S. cur., and pieces of 6 kreutzers 5 c. U. S. cur.

The copper coins are pieces of "1 kreutzer," "kreutzer," "kreutzer," and 1

Guides are not requisite in the Tyrol, with perhaps the exception of when making the ascent of the Gross Glockner, crossing Monte Gavia, between Kals and Heiligen Blut, and to the Pasterze Glacier. The best guides may be obtained at Innspruck or Bregenz. The regular price is 2 florins per day, and a small pour boire, although there is no fixed tariff as in Switzerland.

The most comfortable manner for families or parties to travel through the Tyrol is by vetturino-they are very comfortable, and good horses may be obtained-or better still with one's own carriage and posthorses. There is next the seperat-wagen, which belongs to the postal establishment, and is cheaper than the vetturino: a party of four persons may engage it, but, being covered, it is very hot and dusty in the summer. Then comes the eilwagen, or mail-coach, which runs upon all the principal roads and thoroughfares, and is quite roomy and expeditious. The omnibus, or stellwagen, is very slow and very cheap, running daily over all the principal roads, holding from ten to twelve persons: it travels about five miles per hour, at from six to nine kreutzers per mile; it also contains a coupé, holding three persons; the centre individual can see but little. To study the manners and customs of the people this is the conveyance, but a man must be sure proof against tobacco smoke. Ev ery man and boy in the Tyrol smokes, and smokes all the time, and smokes the poorest kind of tobacco; consequently, when an omnibus is very full on a hot day, and it is impossible to see the dust for the smoke, or the smoke for the dust, most people would prefer a higher priced conveyance. In fact, if you want to carry on an

active flirtation with one of the female beauties of the Tyrol, it is fully as safe as passing through a tunnel.

The author received the following prices, recently adopted, from the Austrian government, being much led astray by following an English guide-book: For one horse, per post, 1 florin 70 kr.; pour boire for postillion per German mile (5 English miles), 35 kr.; one place in the eilwagen per German mile, 56 kr. ; one place in the eilwagen from Bregenz to Innspruck, 16 fl. 10 kr.; one seperat-eilwagen, per post, 7 fl. 52 kr.; one seperat-eilwagen to Innspruck, 4 places, 98 fl. 47 kr.

The language spoken in the north of Tyrol is the German, that in the south the Italian.

It is almost impossible to give a description of any particular dress peculiar to the peasantry of the Tyrol, as it varies so much in the different Thals or valleys. The men generally wear brown jackets, breeches to the knee, stockings from about two inches below the breeches to the ankle, but no farther; the feet are covered with immense thick shoes; the hats partake of the Italian brigand style, high black velvet, ornamented with a cock's feather or bunch of flowers; and sooner expect to meet a dog without his tail than a Tyrolese without his porcelain pipe, and blue or red umbrella. The females usually wear short dark petticoats, stuff jackets, and gray or green stockings, a Leghorn hat with an immense brim, a velvet cap like the males, or a loose handkerchief, never forgetting that interminable red or blue umbrella.

In addition to our direct route through the Tyrol to Munich via Bludenz, Stuben, Landeck, and Innspruck, there are several others which are very interesting, viz.:

to Varenna in seven days. See 2d excursion. From Varenna to Chiavenna, over the Splugen Pass, via Mala, Thusis, and Coire, by rail to Zurich.

5. From Bregenz via Landeck, Finstermünz Pass, Stelvio, Bormio, Bernini Pass, the Glaciers, Julier Pass, Tiefenkasten, to Coire.

We shall describe in detail the two principal routes. The first, direct from Bregenz to Innspruck, via Feldkirch, the Arleberg Pass, and Landeck; time three days. The other, which will give the traveler a very thorough knowledge of the Tyrol, is from Bregenz by the Arleberg Pass to Landeck, over the Finstermünz Pass to Meran and Botzen, and via Sterzing across the Brenner Pass to Innspruck. From thence to Munich via Salzburg, by rail, through one of the loveliest valleys in Europe.

The roads over all these routes are very good, and can be traveled with vetturino; single travelers by eilwagen or omnibus.

Bregenz, situated at the eastern end of Lake Constance, contains 3000 inhabitants. Hôtel d'Autriche, on the lake, the best. The landlord, who was formerly a guide, is well acquainted with the Tyrol, and will procure guides, horses, and vetturino for you.

The principal trade of Bregenz is exporting wooden houses, which are made by the peasants in the valley, and brought here in pieces. There are several Roman ruins to be seen in and around the city. It was in this vicinity that Tiberius and Drusus fought the Vindelicians, having conveyed an army of Romans across the Lake Constance by means of a fleet constructed on its banks.

After ascending the hill of Gebhardsberg, or Schlossberg, where may be seen the ruins of the castle of the Counts of Montfort, a magnificent view of the whole of Lake Constance and the surrounding country may be obtained. After passing the town of Dornbirn, which contains 7000 inhabitants-nearly all of whom are employ

3. From Botzen to Sterzing, and over the Brenner Pass, in eight days from Bregenz. See 1st excursion.

4. If wishing to return to Switzerland, not visiting Munich, in ten days the following excursion can be made: From Bregenz

town of Hohenems, we arrive at Feldkirch. Hôtel Post and Engel Gabriel. This town is a natural fortress inclosed by mountains, and was formerly the key to this side of the Tyrol, and guarded by the ancient castle of Schattenberg. The town is prettily situated on the River Ill; contains some 1700 inhabitants. There are several

oil and cotton mills. A defile near here has been frequently the theatre of bloody combats between the French and Austrians. In 1799, after the intrenchments of Feldkirch had been taken by the French, Massena, the French general, advanced on the town, but was repulsed by the Austrians. The same event happened to the French general Molitor a year later.

After passing the towns of Bludenz and Dalaas, we arrive at Stuben, at the western base of the Arlberg. Hôtel Post. This town is the line which separates Vorarlberg from the Tyrol. From here the affluents of the Rhine and Danube take their separate courses. We now approach the summit of the pass by a winding road, constructed by the Emperor Joseph II., and arrive at the Hospice of St. Christopher. The founder of this charitable institution was once a poor cowherd, who formed the benevolent design of erecting this building for the protection of travelers, who frequently perished in the snow-storms in crossing the pass. He made a tour through Europe for the purpose of collecting subscriptions, and has been the means of saving hundreds of lives. Snow often lies on the road in the winter season to a depth of twenty-five feet. We saw it six feet deep as early as September in 1862.

St. Anton-Hôtel Rechung, very comfortable, where travelers stop for the night. The scenery of this neighborhood is highly interesting. The hills and mountains are mostly covered with forests of fir, and studded and relieved by villages and fine old castles.

After passing the village of Flirsch, notice the picturesquely situated Castle of Wiesberg. The River Rosanna, along whose lovely banks we are traveling, here leaps from rock to rock, forming most lovely cascades.

Landeck-hotels Post and Schwarzen Adler-built on both sides of the River Inn, at the junction of the three roads, viz., that from Innspruck; from Bregenz, and over the Finstermünz Pass. The town is mostly surrounded with heights which, with their castles and villas, present a very beautiful appearance. In this vicinity, in 1809, a most desperate fight took place between the Bavarians and Tyrolese, in which nearly ten thousand of the former were cut to pieces.

[If making the tour over the Finstermünz Pass to Botzen and back to Innspruck, over the Brenner Pass, you here turn off to the right. This route we shall describe after having described Innspruck.]

Three miles from Landeck we pass the ruins of the Castle of Kronburg, situated on the top of a high rock, in a most picturesque position.

Imst-Hotel Post. A very fine town, the houses being nearly all new, the town having been completely destroyed by fire in 1822. A short distance from Imst, and we arrive at the village of Brennbüchl, where, in 1854, the King of Saxony died of wounds received from the feet of his horses after having been thrown from his carriage. In the inn where he died the following inscription may be seen: "Le 9 août, 1854, vers 11 h. du matin, S. M. Frédéric Auguste, roi de Saxe, mourut des suite de blessures reçues à la tête." A few steps from the town a small chapel has been erected to mark the spot where the accident occurred. This custom will be noted in traversing all the roads through the Tyrol. The uncertainty of life is marked in every direction. Wherever a fatal accident has happened, a memorial is planted, consisting of a cross or crucifix, with a record of the event, and a request to wayfarers to say a prayer for the good of the soul of the deceased. In addition to these there are numerous crosses set up as guide-posts in every direction, which expresses the true devotional and religious feeling which exists among the natives.

Before arriving at the town of Silz, we pass, on the right, the ruins of the Castle of Petersburg, the birthplace and residence of Margaret of Tyrol, or "Pouting Meg," as she was called, who was the last of the line of Tyrolean princes. She married a prince of the house of Austria, and took the Tyrol as her dowry.

After passing Silz, notice on the right the monastery of Stams, founded by the mother of Conradin, who was beheaded at Naples in the seventeenth year of his age. He was a prince of the house of Austria, and took the title of King of the Two Sicilies, was excommunicated by the Pope, and defeated by Charles of Anjou in his struggle for the throne of Naples. There is a tradition that his mother devoted the money she had collected for his ransom to the founding of this monastery. The church