already related; and, from a careful inspection and measurements, found our former impressions confirmed.

This tower has been built up at the top like the other towers, in later times; and is of about the same altitude as the rest. It is quadrangular, though not a square; the eastern side measuring 56 feet 4 inches; and the southern side, 70 feet 3 inches. The bearings of the sides, taken from the S. E. corner, are N. 11° W. and W. 11° S. The height of the antique portion is 40 feet, but there is much rubbish in the fosse at the bottom; and an allowance must be made of from 5 to 10 feet more on this account. The large stones of which this part is built, have evidently never been disturbed; they have neither been thrown down nor relaid; and the general impression which they make upon the beholder, is precisely like that of the remains of the ancient walls around the temple. One of these stones measured 93 feet long, 44 feet broad, and 3 feet 10 inches high; another, 10 feet 2 inches long, 4 feet 1 inch high; a third, 12 feet long, 3 feet 5 inches broad. They are therefore smaller than the stones of the temple-walls; and although like them bevelled, yet the rest of the surface is only roughly hewn. These two circumstances indicate a less massive and less careful style of architecture; and probably imply a later date.

The entrance of the present tower is in the western side, about half way up, in the upper or modern part. To the lower or antique part there is no known nor visible entrance, either from above or below; and no one knows of any room or space in it. The officer who accompanied us, said there was a tradition among them, that there was formerly an underground pas sage leading to it; but no one knew any thing of it 1) See above, p. 361.

now. We made all our measurements in the presence of the soldiers; and some of them even went so far as to assist us.

All these circumstances, compared with the account of Josephus, and taking into view the conjectural and exaggerated nature of his statements, tally well enough with the description of Hippicus; while the position of the tower and the apparent solidity of the antique part, leave little room to doubt of its identity.

Towers of Phasaëlus and Mariamne. Josephus describes also two other towers,' built by Herod in the same general form, but of somewhat larger dimensions; one called Phasaëlus after his friend, and the other Mariamne after his favourite wife. They stood not far from Hippicus, on the first or ancient wall, which ran from the latter tower eastward to the temple, along the northern brow of Zion. This brow was here thirty cubits above the valley of the Tyropoeon, and added greatly to the apparent height of the towers. Connected with these towers and Hippicus, was the royal castle or palace of the first Herod, which was enclosed by the said wall on the North, and on the other sides by a wall thirty cubits high. The whole was finished with great strength and regal splendour; and furnished with halls, and galleries, and cisterns, and apartments without number.2

But of all this strength and splendour not a vestige now remains, except the lower solid part of Hippicus, as above described. Titus, indeed, on beholding the massive nature of these works, gave orders to let these three towers be left standing, as memorials to posterity of the impregnable nature of the fortifications, which Roman valour had been able to subdue. But not

1) B. J. V. 4. 3, 4. 2) Ibid. V. 4. 4.

VOL. I.

58

3) Ibid. VI. 9. 1. VII. 1. 1.

improbably Adrian, while he retained the foundations of Hippicus within his fortress, may have demolished the remains of the others for the sake of their materials.

The Tower Psephinos. Josephus describes a fourth tower, called Psephinos, situated overagainst Hippicus and the other towers towards the North, at the N. W. corner of the third or exterior wall of the city. This would seem to have been built by Agrippa, or at least in connection with the third or later wall. It was of an octagonal form, 70 cubits high; and from it could be seen Arabia towards the rising sun, and the inheritance of the Hebrews quite to the sea. All this shows that this tower must have stood upon the high swell of ground which extends up N. N. W. from the N. W. corner of the present city. Here, at the distance of 700 feet from that corner, on the highest part of the ridge, (which indeed is higher than Zion,) are traces of ancient substructions, apparently of towers or other fortifications, extending along the high ground for 650 feet further in the same direction. This must always have been an important spot in every siege of the city; and although none of these substructions may perhaps be actually those of Psephinos; yet, in connection with the traces of walls, of which I shall speak hereafter, they serve to render it probable, that the tower in question stood somewhere in this vicinity.

VII. ANCIENT AND LATER WALLS.

We have thus ascertained two fixed points in the ancient topography of the city, viz. the tower of Hippicus and the temple. At the former of these Josephus makes all the walls of the city begin; while they all

1) Joseph. B. J. V. 4. 2, 3.

2) This must of course mean the Dead Sea. The Mediterranean is not visible from the Mount

of Olives; and much less could it be seen from any tower, or any part of the walls, around Jerusafem.

terminated at or near the latter. An outline of their several courses has already been given.'

First or earliest Wall. We follow again the order of Josephus.2 The first and most ancient wall, beginning at Hippicus on the North, ran first (eastward) along the northern brow of Zion and so across the valley to the western side of the temple-area. In this wall were the other two towers Phasaëlus and Mariamne; and adjacent to it on the South were the palace of Herod, the Xystus, and the bridge leading from the upper city to the temple. The length of this wall, between Hippicus and the temple, as near as we could estimate by paces, must have been about 630 yards.

From the tower of Hippicus again, this first or ancient wall on the West ran (southwards) along the western brow of Zion, through a place called Bethso to the Gate of the Essenes. Both these are now unknown. Thence it turned along on the South over Siloam; and bending round on the East to Solomon's Pool and the place called Ophla, it joined itself to the eastern portico of the temple. This account is not very definite; and whether any traces of this wall remain, is doubtful. Along the western brow of Zion, outside of the present city, is a narrow higher ridge, which may not improbably be composed of rubbish and the foundations of the ancient wall. Quite at the S. W. corner of Zion also, just below the brow, we found detached ledges of rock scarped in several places, as if they had once formed part of the foundation of the wall; and these we could trace for some distance eastward. We were told also, that in digging deeply for the foundations of the new barracks, just South of the castle, many remains of walls and buildings had been discovered; but we were too late

1) See above, p. 409, seq.

2) B. J. V. 4. 2.

3) See Note 1, on page 411.

to examine this point ourselves; the excavations having been already filled up. From a remark of Benja

min of Tudela, about A. D. 1165, it would seem that traces of some part of the ancient wall of Zion were visible in his day.'

In respect to the wall upon the eastern side, from Siloam to the temple, the question arises, whether it so ran as to include the waters of Siloam and the fountain of the Virgin within the city. On this point there is nothing very definite in Josephus or elsewhere; but it seems hardly probable, that the wall should have been carried close along by the only living fountains in the whole region of the city, and yet exclude them. It would seem too, from a passing notice of Josephus, that the city extended quite down to Siloam; and that there was a wall or fortification around that fountain. This is also more distinctly evident from the language of Nehemiah.3 From Siloam the wall ran to the pool or reservoir of Solomon; and this cannot well have been any other than the fountain of the Virgin, which is deep and excavated in the rock. At least there is nothing else in all this quarter which answers to that pool; nor is there any other passage in Josephus which can be applied to this ancient fountain. The eastern wall then probably ran along the Valley of Jehoshaphat; or else, crossing the point of the narrow ridge N. E. of Siloam, swept down into that valley so as to include the fountain.5 Then, passing by Ophla (Ophel), it ascended and terminated at the eastern portico of the temple. This circumstance serves to show, that the wall did not run along the brow of the ridge above the

1) Benj. de Tud. par Baratier, I. p. 94.

2) B. J. VI. 7. 2. VI. 8. 5.

3) Nehem. iii. 15.

4) This is not improbably the "King's pool" of Nehem. ii. 14.

5) On the narrow ridge N. of Siloam and S. of the temple, at the distance of 960 feet from the city wall, are scarped rocks, appa rently the foundations of a wall or Some other like structure.