pervades the flesh. Canaanites not subject to nervous disorders. Dr. Pri-
chard on the Rete Mucosum. Albino compared with European. Colonization
Society. Hair and perspirable matter. Dr. Prichard proves the Negro not to
have wool, but veritable hair. Remarks upon his concluding paragraph. Co-
lor of the hair independent of the Rete Mucosum. Dr. Prichard's examina-
tions of different hair, what they prove. Exceptions unimportant. Less car-
bonic acid expired by the negro, and more animalized. Functions of the lungs.
Lubricity of the skin and Odor. Diseases. Identity of, in the races is no evi-
dence of the unity of species. Torpor of the dark races. Domestic animals
subject to human diseases. Vaccination. Example of epidemics. List of
identical animal and human disorders and remedies. Osteology. Skull and
brain. Craniology proves too much by classing half of Asia, North Africa, and
Europe, ancient and modern, together. Crania of the Turks probably not cor-
rectly observed. Functions more important than osteology. Modification of
one bone modifies the system. Smith in relation to the chin. Physical char-
acters of the different species. Conclusion.

CHAPTER X.

WHETHER any, and what inferences can be drawn from accidental varieties
springing up in the human family, to enable us to account for the differ-
ences observed among men.

. . 422

Negroes the progenitors of mankind. Dr. Prichard's theory. A Law of Na-
ture. Albinos always known to belong to the species from whom they are de-
rived. Buffon's theory. Mutes. All monsters hybrids. The Porcupine men.
These freaks of nature prove men to have been made in the form they now
bear. Albinos among all warm blooded animals. Varieties not now produced.
Proportion of monstrous births not one in millions. Chances against them.
Esau. Not early enough. Is there no place in the world now fit for the pro-
cess? New Holland? America? Dr. Prichard's mixed races not perma-
nent. Mulattoes return to their types. They are hybrids. Professor Wag-
ner's rule. Maternal influence on progeny. The doctrine of congenital varie-
ties depends on analogy. The Porcupine family is extinct. They were inca-
pable of continuing the species. Conditions necessary to produce varieties in
the animal kingdom. Constitutional preparation necessary. Youatt. Tenden-
cy in stock to return to original type. All the conditions inapplicable to Man.
If animals are the analogues of man, the conditions are essentials. Lawrence's
theory. Preventing intermixture is not the only requisite for success. If ani-
mals are analogues now, they were not 4000 years back. If domestication and
civilization are equivalents, why do not white women now bear black children.
Lawrence's examples to prove color not essential to race examined. Excep-
tions slight to a general law. Natural varieties within the limits of species.
Thirty three-millions of children born every year, each different, yet preserving
their specific agreements. Conclusion,

CHAPTER XI.

THE Psychical Attributes peculiar to Man.

454

Why called attributes. Dr. Prichard's Psychological Characteristics. All
Religions of one origin. The universal idea of spiritual agency derived from
one source. Geogony of each species peculiar. Extraordinary distribution of
the specific masses of mankind. Different races took different routes. Division
of religion into symbolical and personified. Regularity of arrangements in ap-
parent confusion. Sexual relations of the different species. Monogamy de-
stroyed patriarchy in the Shemitic family. Poets the early priests of Shemites.
Homer and Hesiod, Edda and Voluspa. Ossian. Education, Religion, and
Government, not the foundation of intellectual character, but Genius, founded

1

upon specific temperaments. Benevolence universal among men. Compari-

son of species in regard to it. Conscientiousness universal. Influence of edu-

cation upon. Expansive quality of. Intellectual Appetite. Its peculiar mani-

festations in, and contrasts of the several species. Prudence depends chiefly

on specific temperaments. Species contrasted in regard to. Admiration what.

Specific differences and contrasts in regard to. Fame what. Objects of. War

and Hunting. Theory of Jurists. Contrasts of Species in regard to. Speech,

or Language. Origin of. Not artificial. Duponceau and Richardson's opinions.

Dr. Blair's theory examined. Vocabulary of Adam. Variety of Languages.

Affiliation of Languages. Shemitic, Japhethic, Ishmaelitic, and Canaanitic Lan-

guages. Reason, or Causality what. Phrenological organs denied. Influence

of Temperaments upon. Identity of civilization of the ante-historic world.

Standard of mind after the flood. Patriarchal, or Colossal civilization. State

of the arts and sciences. Egypt, Babylon, Nineveh, India, China, all very

similar. Greeks only remodeled patriarchal civilization, and made it progres-

sive. Patriarchal civilization a type for Asia and Africa, but only a rudiment

for Europe. Importance of sexual relations to progress. Admirable migatory

arrangements of the patriarchs. Sesostris. Shepherds. Colchians. Germans.

Pelasgians. The Greeks the types of Shemites. The Dark Age. Reinvigora

tion of Shemitic intellect by the infusion of the German. Greeks best quali-

fied for types, Germans for progression. Precocious and early maturity of the

Grecian, more than compensated by the substance of the German element.

Contrasts of the species in respect to intellectual power. Dr. Prichard's com-

parison of the human races with respect to mental endowments examined.

CHAPTER XII.

THE History of Woman is a necessary and important item in the Natural

History of Man.

. . 595

Woman's power, active and passive. Anterior to education. The condition
of, indicative of specific character. Men have advantages which are compen-
sated to women. The Dark Races. The Shemitic Species. Seraglios. Zana-
nahs. The Turk and Hindu. Chinese. Africans. New Hollander. Euro-
pean. Specific differences made by Him who knows. Different treatment of
women arises from difference of specific temperaments, not from education
and government. Mohammedanism. Spaniards. Hindus. Israelites not ex-
amples of the sexual relations of the Shemites. The Greeks and Romans omit-
ted. Heeren's remarks. Fact in Herodotus. Germans. Tacitus De Mor.
Ger. Guizot's theory against Tacitus examined. The importance of the sub-
ject. Flippant manner of disposing of Tacitus. The sexual relations of the
Germans do not depend exclusively on Tacitus. Confirmed by Cæsar, Florus,
&c. German women taken as hostages for the performance of treaties. Gui-
zot indirectly confirms Tacitus. The Germans barbarians in the arts and
sciences, the Romans in morals. Feudalism introduced by the Germans,
What elements of civilization sprang from it. Isolation. The Baron in his
Castle, and what he carried to it. Guizot's theory against Tacitus' facts.
Guizot's subsequent Lecture. His analogies improper. His conclusion is not
against Tacitus. His two things introduced by the Germans. A third pro-
posed, the individuality of woman, and the importance of this element. The
Germans produced modern civilization. They saved Europe from the Ishma-
elites and Mohammedanism. The social manners and habits of the Ishmaelites.
Sexual relations of the Bedouins. Women slaves. The Kereks. Persians.
Voluptuous education of women. Instances of degradation. Japhethans. Wo-
men are merchandise among them. Mode of getting a wife. Women's apart-
ments. Widows sold for the benefit of heirs. Canaanites. General ignorance
of. Their amusements. Dancing and Music. No limits to polygamy. King
of Dahomey has 3000 wives. King of Kiama's visit to Clapperton. Incident
with Clapperton. Wolofs. Sereres. Bambuk. Dahomey. Ashantee. Ta-

riba. Examples exhibit specific differences. Sexual relations founded in na-
ture. Education and government subsequent to, and founded on them. Con-
stitutional temperaments form sexual relations. Remarkable differences in
species of the Strenuous, Callous, and Passive temperaments. The Sluggish
temperament remarkably adapted to the circumstances of Canaanites. Shemitic
civilization alone benefited by Woman. Its effects. The foibles of women
are means of civilization. Polygamy universal among the dark races. Cannot
be the effect of accident. Sensual desire, not the sentiment of love, the mo-
tive. Polygamy opposed to moral and intellectual improvement. The import-
ance of sexual freedom. Qualities of Woman. She has no security for rights
but in the male. Laws give her no other security. Love has a higher object
than the perpetuation of the species. Intellectual progression depends on it.
Social institutions are founded on sexual relations. Conclusion.

CHAPTER XIII.

THE great Natural law which has kept each species of Man distinct from
every other.
640

Power of Beauty. Its influence on Man. What is it? A universal princi-
ple applicable to all sorts of Beauty unattainable. No natural standard of.
Beau ideal of the Greeks. Natural Beauty divided into organic and inorganic.
Organic divided into Vegetable, Animal, and Human. Examples. Beauty of
the Imagination. Mixed Beauty. Of the Heart. Human Beauty influenced
by Temperament. Geographic lines insufficient to separate species. Specific
Tastes for Beauty. Specific Standards. Importance of freedom of both sexes
to alliances. Wants the foundation of love. Crosses in species beneficial, out
of species prejudicial. Moral and mental qualities constitute the highest
charms. They give brilliance and elegance to features. Polygamy unnatural.
Happiness of the female as important as that of the male. Desire for matrimo-
ny equal. All dark races polygamous. Children inherit qualities from pa-
rents. Walker. Knight. Prichard. Lawrence. Dr. Watts. Which parent
is most influential to impart qualities to offspring. Expanding influence of
sexual intercourse. Absence of female influence in the dark races. Impor-
tance of Courtship. Sir Walter Scott. The various specific Temperaments
produce corresponding differences of sexual relations. Lady Montagu's
opinion in regard to personal beauty. Moral and Mental Attributes not always
united in the same person. Human laws declaratory of the Natural. Sir
Wm. Blackstone. Walker's theory of propagation by halves, not blood. Func-
tions are the joint gift of both parents. Examples. Amalgamation an injury
without benefit. Gutzlaff. Domestic animals and Man not improvable by
the same process. Method of improving domestic animals. Sir Walter Scott's
lamentation without cause. Dr. Johnson's opinion of the marriage process.
Cruel laws of Babylon and Dahomey. The Moral and Intellectual world un-
der the control of natural laws. Not seen in individuals, but in masses. The
Vices and Virtues of a community are subject to figures, while individual free
agency is not interfered with. These laws are necessary for progression, of
which sexual love is the foundation. Conclusion.

CHAPTER XIV.

Conclusion. .

Recapitulation of the arguments.

741

CHAPTER I.

INTRODUCTION.

THE Natural History of Man is yet a desideratum in science. It lies scattered on the pages of the history of nations, in books of travels, in missionary reports, and in the works of philosophers, who have written on the Comparative Anatomy and Physiology of the several races. Nay, it may be said, that it lies scattered over the whole literature, arts, sciences, and condition of the world, ancient and modern; but has never yet been collected, arranged, and condensed.

It must be acknowledged that all the definitions and systems which have been framed in relation to Man, are more or less artificial. From the Grecian philosopher who described man as "a biped without feathers," to the English philosophers, who defined him as "an animal that cooks his victuals," or, "an animal that makes bargains;"-and the American philosopher who defined him as "a tool-making animal," his animal properties alone have been considered, without reference to man as he is-a psychical being. Philosophers who have professedly written the Natural History of man, have made nothing more of him. From Linnæus to Prichard, he has been classed and treated exclusively as an animal. It is true, that he has been slowly advancing in zoologi

cal classification. Recent writers imagine they have done much for the honor of the race, by placing him in an Order by himself,-thus separating him from the debasing association of monkeys, lemurs, and bats. It amounts, however, only to a nominal honor; a promotion without advantages; a distinction without a separation. They have, nevertheless, kept man so closely associated, not only with the anthropoid animals, from which they were so anxious to separate him (but with the whole of organic nature), that everything having life is regarded as his analogue, his associate, in the highest and noblest properties of his nature.

It is true also, that, in their contests with developists, much pains have been taken, and scientific skill displayed by authors, to exhibit the anatomical and physiological differences between man and animals; but having satisfactorily accomplished this feat, they have reaped no advantage by the victory; for they immediately fraternize with their foes, with a magnanimity which could not have been expected from the violence of the contest. Judging from the results, rather than the fact, peace was established by a compromise, rather than a victory; in which Bory de St. Vincent, Lamarck, &c., were the most skilful diplomatists. By adroitly yielding, on a mere point of empty honor, the precedence in classification, they secured the substantial advantages for the whole of organic nature to be the analogues, the types of man; to be the representatives of his nature, the controllers of his destiny, and the expounders of his powers and qualities, physical and psychical. Progressive deve