manides; for I can open myself a path be- | accordingly. Schanfara calmly observed, tween Sard and Yarba." He pursued his homicidal career, and the Banou-Salaman sought for revenge on the slayer in vain. He avoided the ambuscades of the sons of Ghamid, and was chased like a fallow-deer, but still without suc cess. 'Such were my deeds;' for in assailing the Banou-Salaman he was himself wont to say, 'At thine eye,' and sent his arrow into it. They now determined to kill him. 'Where wilt thou be buried?' they asked. Of his answer the Arabs have retained but three verses. 666 Beware of interring, for you are forbidden to bury me; but rejoice, OummAmir!* I have good news for thee: "When they strike off my head, which contains the better part of me, they will leave the remainder exposed in the field of combat. We have room for the following extract from that ancient and singularly characteristic composition, the poem of Schanfara, which is now for the first time correctly given. All "Go, children of my mother, look for me no more! Another race must be mine, another brotherhood than yours. awaits your departure. The moon burns in the heavens; your camels' girths are bound:-Go, then, depart, and look for me no more! "Schanfara had slain ninety-nine of the tribe of Salaman, and but one was wanting to complete his vow, when three men laid an ambuscade in the way to Obaydah, through which he was to pass. These "Covered with slaughters that have were Ouçayd, the son of Djabir, the Sala-placed me under ban of the tribes, I look manide, and his nephew, with Hazim, the not here for a joyful existence during the Taymide. Schanfara came at night to the length of night that must pass over me,' place, and, perceiving some dark object (in the grave.)" without being able to distinguish, he sent an arrow at it, for such was his custom at night when travelling, if he saw anything afar that awakened suspicion. His arrow pierced the arm of Ouçayd's nephew, en tering from the wrist to the elbow, but the young man did not utter a breath. Schanfara exclaimed, 'If thou art anything, thou hast it: if thou art nothing, at least I have not failed of the mark.' Hazim lay flat on his belly in a hollow of the path, watching with the corner of his eye a favorable moment to spring upon the enemy. Ouçayd now gave him the signal, saying, 'Hazim, draw! but Schanfara hearing him, cried out, 'I will draw for all,' and fell sabre in "Earth offers a retreat where the heart hand on Hazim, striking off two of his fin- is shielded from sorrows, a refuge for him gers. He, however, had leapt on his feet, who shuns the evil-doer. Oh, by your threw himself on the assailant, and clasped lives! he who has discernment, who knows him in both arms. Ouçayd's nephew joined the path of the night to seek what he dehim; but Schanfara threw them both, and | sires, or fly what he abhors, for him the fell upon them. Ouçayd came up and dis-earth ever is free and wide. There, in armed the warrior, then, seizing one of the your absence, I have brethren still: the six legs that were struggling together on wolf of tireless speed; the smooth and the ground, he asked, Whose is this?'-glossy panther; the hyena bristling its 'It is mine,' answered Schanfara. 'Be-hide. These are henceforth my companlieve him not, uncle,' cried the nephew of ions: with them every secret rests undiOuçayd, 'it is my leg that thou holdest in vulged; and the slayer fears not venthine hand.' geance from the kindred of the slain. All "The adversaries of Schanfara, having those repel insult; all those are brave:— mastered his person, took him to their yet are they less brave than I, in encoun-tribe. 'Now, then,' said they to the cap-tering the shock of the foremost hostile tive poet, 'recite us one of thy songs.' steeds: where prey is the object I yield, 'Recitation,' answered Schanfara, suits however, to them, where the hungriest is only with enjoyment.' The reply has be-ever the most eager. It is my generosity come a proverb. "They struck off one of his hands with a blow so violent, that it fell at a considerable distance, and quivered some time with a convulsive motion. He apostrophized it thus : "Perish not by departing from me, oh hand, achieving a fatal task! live forever in the remembrance of men! "From how many valleys has it not scared the doves! that seeks to rise above them, and that aspiration alone renders me their superior. Three faithful friends shall supply with me the place of men who cannot return good for good (service for services; and whose intercourse affords me no advantage, not even to beguile the time. These friends are, a fearless heart, a gleaming sabre, and a bow of the Nab wood, long, resounding, yellow, strong, and polished; garnished with rings to which the baldric * Oumm-Amir, the hyena, so called familiarly Ouçayd, fitting an arrow to his bow, exclaimed, 'At thine eye,' and pierced it by the Arabs, is bound. When the arrow leaves its | become? Who shall first strike the blow? womb it groans aloud, like a mother bewailing the loss of her little ones. "I am not of those shepherds who dread thirst; who, fearing to quit the wells, pasture their flocks in places trodden down by feet, and where herbage is no longer green. Their camels' colts are painful to behold, though the nipples of their dams are not chained. "I am not of those weak and dull husbands, who, constantly beside their wives, inform them of all that is done, and consult them on all to do:-nor am I of those ostrich-hearted who rise and sink, as if borne on the wings of some little bird:nor of those idlers, the disgrace of their kindred, and fit only for grimaces of love: -they who perfume themselves evening and morning, and paint their eye-lashes black: nor of the indolent, who hide an evil behind a good; who can neither fight in war, nor show hospitality in peace; who bear no arms, and tremble at every menace. If ye behold me, oh devouring cares! like the reptile of the sands exposed to the burning sun, with body uncovered and naked feet, yet learn ye that I retain patience: that I wear her as a cloak without losing my hyena-heart; and that fortitude serves me for sandals. "How often on the cold night, when the hunter for warmth burns even his bow and arrows, do I take my course through darkness; cold, hunger, wrath, and terror my companions. Yes! I have made wives widows, and children orphans, and returned while the night was yet dark. "They say in the morning, 'Our dogs growled last night-I thought, was it a wolf that prowled near, or a young hyena? But they growled only a moment, and slept again; till I asked, am I a qata or a hawk, waking at every sound? Yet now we see the fatal cause of that faint sound, and what can we think of the murderer? If a spirit (jin) came upon us by night, his visit has been fearful: if a man "I am not of those timorous travellers-but men cannot inflict such losses!'" whom darkness covers with alarm, when, wandering astray in the desert, its vast plain alone lies before them; without path or track, and without a place for shelter. "When the horny sole of my feet strikes upon flints, it brings sparks of fire, and scatters them with noise. To the cries of hunger I respond by successive delays; I disdain and weary it, till at length I destroy it. I turn aside my thoughts and forget it-I swallow in necessity a lump of dry earth, rather than accept hospitality as a debt. "I snatch but a mouthful, and set forth in the morning like the gaunt gray wolf, whom one solitude leads to another. He starts at daybreak, with hunger wrapt in his folding entrails, coursing against the wind, plunging through deepest hollows, and trotting in unceasing speed. * * * "The dark-plumaged Qatas* arrive but to drink what I leave, though they speed all night on the wing to slake their thirst in the morning. We had set out together, led by the same want, or to reach the same well. The gatas with flagging wing are like runners whose speed is chained (or checked) by their flowing robes: while I, whose garment is set by my girdle, precede them without effort, as the head of their flock. * * * "Lean as I am, I choose my bed on the bare earth, and rejoice to spread on its surface the projecting vertebræ of my back. My pillow is this bony arm, whose protruding joints are like the huckle-bonest of the gambler, thrown upon the field. "Do war and alarms complain of Schanfara's absence? Whose victim shall A bird proverbially swift. I We repeat it: these historical illustrations are more ancient and valuable than even the ROMANCE OF ANTAR to the student of history and of antiquity. ART. X-Manifiesto de las Razones que legitiman la Declaracion de Guerra contra el Gobierno del General D Andres Santa-Cruz, titulado Presidente de la Confederacion Peru-Boliviana. Bunos-Aires, imprenta del Estado. (Manifesto of the Causes that justify the Declaration of War against the Government of General Andres Santa Cruz, entitled President of the Peru-Bolivian Republic.) Buenos Ayres, 1837. It is not very long since we presented to our readers some particulars of the actual condition of Bolivia its rich internal productions; its capabilities of foreign commerce; its state of internal peace and advance towards prosperity; the establishment of institutions such as in all fixed and stable governments are deemed the basis of social happiness; its efforts for the extension and increase of a European trade; its formation of a civil code, adapted to the exigencies of the population; the full amnesty granted to Spaniards; the security offered to them in common with the subjects of all other nations to settle in that territory; the hon + Our child's game of huckle-bones is thus evi-orable exemption from national debt and dently of the greatest antiquity in Arabia. frauds; the opening of the ports; and, lastly, the union of that republic with the two distinct states of North and South Peru; a union not of government alone, but of interests also, which seemed to promise success to the labours of the hand that had been so actively employed for their national concord and prosperity. its former elevation, though possibly in a different form of developement; not by the amassing and hoarding of inconceivable riches in one single country, but, thanks to the extension and influence of commerce, by diffusing those riches through its channels to minister to the general wants of mankind, and principally through the medium of British trade. It is painful to think that, however carefully calculated the chances of human happiness, and however skilfully adapted the The illusion, wherever it prevailed has means of this great end; whatever the bases been painfully broken in upon by the polion which are founded arrangements, that to tical events of the last few months. The dismortal wisdom appear to offer the most so- satisfactions, jealousies, and wars that have lid securities for stability and success; still originated so recently in that quarter, bid an inherent principle of nature, inexplicably fair to dissipate altogether the dreams of entwining evil with good, introduces the future expectation, or to defer them to so canker into the very seed of the plant, to distant and indefinite a period as to be actugrow with its growth, and strengthen with ally beyond the flight of Hope. We have its strength; extending its influence in the looked, we confess, with anxiety for some germinating bud, and infusing into the ma- real ground of dissension, some positive tured fruit itself that "amari aliquid," which wrong that might be righted, that thus, by ever lessens or disappoints the hopes of en- the removal of the cause, the consequences joyment and the care of the cultivator. The produced by it might be obviated. Whatproof every moment springs up before our ever is tangible may be approached, whateyes, alike on the smallest as largest scale; ever is true may be shown; facts can be in the toil or provision for individual objects, dealt with, but fancies are tangents, that or accumulations, as in the efforts of nations recede continually from the point of contact. for improvement: from the cares of a The-Whether the statements in question belong lusson to secure boundless wealth for a descendant, to the reforms and revolutions that change, how vainly! the face of empires, all is effort, and all is fruitless, till Hope itself is acknowledged but as deferred Disappointment. "Poor race of men! said the pitying Spirit, But the trail of the serpent is over them all." Regarding, we must confess, the state of things in the portion of South America to which we have alluded with no ordinary degree of pleasurable anticipation; and viewing the union of the three provinces into a single government, forming the proper territory united under the ancient sceptre of the Incas; we were tempted to hope, from the results of their experience, a restoration of pristine wealth and felicity to their descendants of the present and future days. The sagacity that with them had included the richest districts under one sway, and was satisfied to confine their real dominion within those limits, at a time when the whole continent was open to them; together with the prosperity that attended such a course, till romance became reality, and even avarice was palled with treasure; all this pointed irresistibly to the conclusion, that the richest portion of that southern hemisphere, once more united under a wise government, would return to the height of to the former or the latter class it is our province here to examine: if the difficulties spring from positive injuries, these can and ought to be redressed: but if they originate in jealousy alone; if the internal and external prosperity of one state excites the sense of an unfavorable contrast with its neighbor; or if the natural wish of one government to enrich its subjects by legitimate means, such as opening to them the long sealed up channels of public trade, be simply an accidental and unavoidable loss to the inhabitants of any former emporium of commerce; though these may suffer, they can surely have no right to complain of their more fortunate or more enlightened rival; still less to take up arms, that readiest resource of strength against weakness, of passion against reason, of injustice and oppression against legitimate rights. A rule for our judgment is furnished in such cases by an authority to which none can demur, since "by their acts we shall know them;" and as the flourishing condition of the Peru-Bolivian republic has furnished us with ground for the conclusion that its government is wise and moderate, so we must examine the conduct of its two antagonists, and first turn our attention to Chile. It has often been stated in the European papers, that an expedition undertaken last July against the existing administration of Chile by Don Ramon Freire, a native of that country, and in exile at Lima, was the cause of the quarrel, inasmuch as it is alleged by the government of Chile, that the said expedition was a conjoint scheme of Generals Orbegoso and Santa Cruz. This statement has been frequently repeated also in the Mercurio de Valparaiso and the Araucano, the one a popular, the other a government paper, but not verified in either by any document whatever; so that it rests solely on the assertion that their information comes from good authority. bour-master, which is a direct refutation of this charge as well as of the other; for, if we may give credence to an official statement, published, circulated among every class, and uncontradicted, we must suppose that if Freire had any warlike stores, they were put on board clandes tinely, and under false pretences.* At a time when the Republic was still convulsed with the shock it had received from internal enemies; when every branch of the administration was in the utmost disor der; when contrabanding was so barefacedly carried on that even barrels of flour were smuggled ashore by daylight, it cannot be surprising that Freire should have been able to furnish himself with men and warlike stores unknown to the go vernment. Such things are possible in every country, and even under the best organized governments. The infant, Don Carlos. three years ago, eluded the authorities of England, to wage a most de structive war in Spain; and yet who would for a moment suppose that this had been planned or countenanced by the En The Exposé of the Peruvian Govern ment answers the charge simply. The exhaustion of the finances rendering econo my inevitable, and the defeat of Salaverry rendering the maritime force unnecessary, General Obregoso, the Peruvian president, determined to reduce the Marine. Accord ingly, two vessels, the Monteagudo, and the brig Obregoso, were advertised in a Lima newspaper, and chartered by a Don José Maria Quiroga on a trading voyage, the first to Guayaquil, and the second to Cenglish government? Ambition, when blendtral America. ed with the wish of vengeance, emboldens man to undertake the most arduous and difficult enterprises; and Freire could not have been free from either. He had once "The Orbegoso was a government merchantman, which had never been armed; and with respect to the Monteagudo, the enjoyed the respect of his country, and harbour-master of Callao states in his re- been elevated to the highest degree of report to the actual Minister of War and publican dignity. One of those political Marine, that, the agreement of chartering convulsions, so frequent in all the states of being concluded, he received orders to dis- South America after the overthrow of the arm her, and deposit her warlike stores in Spanish domination in that hemisphere, the arsenal at Callao, which was done, with not only deprived him of the presidency the exception of a dozen old twelve-poun- of the State, but also compelled him to ders, which had for a long time been kept seek an asylum in a neighboring Repubin the hold as ballast, and which being un-lic. Is it then strange that the ex-presi. serviceable were allowed to remain there." ~p. 5. "It is also plainly asserted in the document just cited, that their commanders deviated in nothing from the usual routine of maritime traders, nor gave any order, either written or verbal, which might raise his suspicion. The Orbegoso sailed first, having on board General Freire and his associates."-p. 5. dent should have kept upon his country an invidious eye, and in his mind the desire of avenging the wrongs he had received? But we are very doubtful with respect to the equipment taken out by Freire; for in a letter of one of his associates, written from San Carlos, (the fort at Chiloé), the want of warlike stores is complained of, the writer saying, that he does not reckon upon any other arms than "Freire did not make a secret of his in- 400 muskets found in that fort. It will be tending to quit Peru. The Chilians, how-seen in the sequel of this narrative, that if ever, in corroboration of their charge Freire assumed a hostile position on Chiagainst Generals Orbegoso and Santa lian territory, it was not through the forces Cruz, have asserted, that Freire was openhe had taken with him, but through the ly furnished with men, arms, and ammuni- cowardice and demoralization of the gotion, and that the men were paid before they vernment adherents, and that when these withdrew their support he could not keep left Callao." his ground."-pp. 5, 6. "It is, however, a custom of very ancient date in Peru to give a month in advance to the crew, in presence of the harbor-master, a few days previous to the vessel leaving the port, in order that the men may furnish themselves with clothing and other necessaries. This and no more was done with the crews of the Orbegoso and Monteagudo, as is testified by the depositions of their commanders and mates, and by the just cited document of the har The case of Saldanha and the Portuguese emigrant expedition from England against Terceira, under the Wellington administration, is still more a case in point. * We correct, at times, the occasional slips of language by an evidently foreign pen. We have, also, throughout, preserved, omitted, or introduced italics, as seemed best to our judgment. During the voyage it seems, that the Monteagudo and Orbegoso were steering Monteagudo's crew arose against Freire's towards the south, and the plan of the partizans on board, and proceeded to Valpa- Chilian exiles began to be suspected, he, raiso to deliver them up as prisoners. "The without loss of time, informed the Chilian Orbegoso, ignorant of what had happened, of what had been communicated to him. consul, as well as the authorities at Lima, continued her route, and arrived at Chiloé, With this motive the harbor-master was the destined point of the expedition." called to the capital; and, to prevent the joining of any other ship to those that "The authorities of that place 'surren- were already at sea, he was instructed to dered without offering the slightest resis-order that no vessel should leave the port tance, and four companies of militia, with until his return. His absence was from some troops of the line, (we quote from the ten o'clock in the morning of the 8th of JuChilian papers,) joined Freire,' who imme- ly to six in the evening; consequently the diately took possession of the fort. The detention complained of by the Chilians, Monteagudo, having left the prisoners at and upon which they put so unwarrantaValparaiso, and received some reinforce- ble a construction, was merely a delay of ment from government, proceeded to seven (eight) hours. But how the ChiChloé, where she arrived on the 28th of lians can have ventured to say that this August. Freire, supposing her to be still was a measure to prevent the sailing of under the command of Puga, sent an or- La Flor del Mar, we know not; for it was der to that officer to land with his men and not known that the vessel was to sail for repair to the fort. This was executed by Valparaiso. Her commander had cleared twenty-six of the government men, who, out for Guayaquil, and her true destinabeing thus admitted into the fort, retook tion was concealed from the authorities at it. The party which had joined Freire on Callao until the very moment she sailed, his landing, being informed of this, re- which was on the 8th of July, about two turned to the legitimate authorities; and hours after the return of the harbor-masFreire, finding himself incapable of keep- ter."-pp. 8, 9. ing his ground, took refuge, with two of his associates, on board a French whaler, where they were arrested. Thence they were taken on board the Monteagudo, and conveyed to Santiago, where their trial took place, first in a court of justice, from which they received sentence of death, and afterwards in a court-martial, where that sentence was commuted to ten years' confinement in the island of Juan Fernandez."-p. 7. "This is the story of the expedition of Freire, such as it is given by the Chilians. From the moment the Orbegoso left Callao to the moment of the last sentence being passed against Freire, we have quoted the statements of the very party interested in sustaining the charges preferred against the government of Peru; and it is upon the same authority we now state, that nei ther from the depositions of Freire and his associates, nor from those of the other individuals, either concerned in the expedition or brought to the court as witnesses, does the supposed culpability of the Peruvian government appear, even in the most distant light. There is not one statement, not one circumstance, nay, not even one word in corroboration of it!"-p. 8. There is much reason in what follows: "When we take this circumstance into consideration, and add to it the admission of the consul of Chile at Lima, that he had suspected the machinations of the Chilian exiles, and heard that they were to embark in vessels belonging to the Peruvian government, we cannot abstain from contending, that the duplicity of which the government of Chile accuses the Peruvian authorities is far more perceptible in the conduct of the Chilian consul; nor can we help feeling that he is greatly to blame for the misunderstanding which has taken place between the two countries. First, because one of the principal charges of a diplomatic agent being to see that nothing is done in the country where he resides against the interests of his own country, the Chilian exiles; secondly, because, had it was his duty to watch the movements of he apprized the Peruvian authorities of what he might have learned on the subcertain the truth, and made known that ject; had he openly taken measures to asa vessel (the Flor del Mar) was in readiness to convey to his government the result of his inquiries, Freire, even in the case of being supported by the President Orbegoso, would not have dared to carry his plans into execution, and if he had, then no one could dispute the right of Chile to demand redress and satisfaction. pp. 9, 10. As to the asserted understanding between Generals Freire and St. Cruz, it is stated by their opponents, that a letter from the latter |