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Christian rulers of the mighty empire of very, and their efficiency for the elucidation India would have found it for their interest and settlement of many historical points of to cultivate, in some degree, the literature, great uncertainty and importance, are made and with it the friendship and good-will of the subject of a most learned and elaborate the Christian people of a neighbouring Memoir, by the lamented Niebuhr, in the country-whose inhabitants are also the first volume of his "Kleine Historische und most trading and industrious of the East. Philogische Schriften," to which we refer In France the late M. Saint Martin power-our classical readers for deiails that will fully contributed by his valuable writings to surprise and gratify them by their novelty increase our knowledge of Armenia, and and importance. We cannot conclude this his premature death has put a stop to many hasty notice without recommending Mr. interesting inquiries on this subject. Al- Neuman's work, as a most useful assistant though we, however, have been but too in- in all researches into this interesting but different in this respect, our ambitious and neglected field of Oriental literature. active neighbours-for such, at least in regard to India, we must now call the Russians -have not been idle or inattentive spectators; witness the numerous important works that have been published in Russia of late years, on the Geography and History of Armenia, which indeed may be fairly considered a province of the former power. A remarkable proof, also, of the influence possessed by Russia over that people in other countries recently occurred, when a colony of 40,00 Armenians left the Persian province of Aderbaidschan, and settled with the Russian dominions.

1. Pacto y Ley Fundamental de la Confederacion Peru-Boliviana. Reimpresa por orden de Don Vicente Pazos, Consul-General en la Gran Bretana. London. 1837.

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Contra-Manifiesto al Publicado por el Gobierno de Buenos-Aires, sobre las Razones con que pretende lejitimar la Guerra que declara a la Confederacion PeruBoliviana. Lima. 1837.

The Counter-Manifesto, &c. Lima.

1837.

An interesting account of this migration THE first of these is a beautifully printed ediwas published in the latter language, and tion of the Code put forth by the new Mango translated into German in 1834, by the au- Capac of Peru. The perfect freedom of thor of the present work. But independent trade, impartiality of protection for property, of political motives the literature of Armenia and the careful regulation of the most imis deserving the attention of the learned of portant interests, foreign and domestic, of Europe in no ordinary degree, from the cir- this country, evince an enlightened spirit, cumstance that translations of Greek wri- and we trust will be acted upon hereafter, as ters, the originals of which are lost, are still it has been hitherto, in perfect good faith. preserved in that country. Its language is The second work is a long and wordy deadmirably adapted for translation from the fence of the conduct of the government aGreek, which it closely resembles in its gainst its present belligerent neighbours. The structure. In this manner the Whistons details are often lengthened out with a mi. re-translated from Armenian into Greek the nuteness perfectly distracting to the attention. Apocryphal Letters of the Corinthians to There is a total want of a simple and comSt. Paul, and the Apostle's reply; and who, prehensive view of the question; a serious as Niebuhr remarks, that is ignorant of the defect, and most of all in diplomatic compofacts, could discover in these the hand of a sition. The style is fluent, and often elegant, translator? The complete works of Philo- in the original. The translation is literal, Judæus are also said to be extant in an Ar- and therefore exaggerating all the faults of menian version, and would be published by the native work, so as to render the perusal learned natives, if sufficient encouragement impracticable except to those sufficiently in. were held out. The remarkable discovery, terested to disregard these defects. within the last twenty years, of an Armenian translation of the Chronicle of Eusebius, filling up many lacuna in the original, is a striking inducement to pursue reseaches thus happily rewarded. An edition of this Chronicle was published in Armenian and THESE selections comprise about one-third of Latin in 1818, by Dr. Aucher, of the Con- the Bostân, and are printed in the Taleek vent of St. Lazarus, and a Latin translation hand, most carefully. They will facilitate appeared in the same year at Milan by the reading of Persian MSS., which all stuMessrs. Zohrab and Mai. The additions dents find a work of no ordinary difficulty, to our knowledge, derived from this disco-particularly when the transition is made at

Selections from the Bostan of Sadi, by Forbes Falconer. Paris, Berlin, Lon. don 1838.

once from Nishkee to the irregular, arbitrary, | Of Mr. Falconer himself we are disposed fanciful, and negligent style of the various to require however something more hereaf MSS. ter. This honored pupil of Silvestre De Sacy,

The known talents and learning of Mr. and the friend of G. De Tassy, we trust will Falconer are displayed to sufficient advan- yet rouse himself to follow the example of tage in this work, which has been laborious- his great master; and, casting aside all needly collated with everything that could give less timidity, achieve in Oriental literature it value. To the student it is therefore in- the distinction which few can deserve so valuable; the more, as it saves the reader's well.

eye.

MISCELLANEOUS LITERARY NOTICES.

GERMANY.

numerous others. The subscription per aunum will be 31.

Dr.Otto Bohtlingk, a native of St. Petersburgh, and scholar of Professor Lassen, is about to LEIPSIC.-Two editions of Kant's collected publish, at Bonn, an edition of Panini's eight works are at present publishing in this town. books of Grammatical Aphorisms, with notes. Kant, it is known, never signed any agreeThis is the first edition published since the ment with his publisher, and L. Voss, a pubyear 1809, when one was published at Cal-lisher of this town, took advantage of this cutta, which is now very scarce; and as Professor Lassen recommends Dr. Bohtlingk as a very good Sanscrit scholar, we have no doubt it will prove a welcome appearance to all friends of that language.

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fact, and announced an edition of Kant's complete works, edited by Rosenkranz and Schubert. The proprietors are, however, also publishing an edition in numbers, two of which have already appeared.

STUTTGART.-A bookseller in this town is publishing a series of Classics, with illustrations similar to the French works published by Dubochet and Co., Paris. Among the works in progress are, Don Quixotte,' a German translation; 'Shakspeare,' German and English, the German by Alexander Fischer; Tausend und Eine Nacht,' translated by G. Weil, edited by A. Lewald.

LEIPSIC.-The following two pamphlets, relative to the Archbishop of Cologne, have excited considerable attention here. Der Erzbischof von Koln, Freiherr Clemens August von Droste zu Vischering, sine Principien und Opposition. Nach und mit authentischen Actenstucken und schriftlichen Belegen dargestellt:"-Friedrich der Grosse.And by the same author. "Die Romischhierarchische Propaganda, ihre Partei, Umtriebe und Fortschritte in Deutschland. Mit DRESDEN.-Walther is about to publish a Ruckblicken auf die Opposition des Erzbis-new edition of Winkelmann's works, in two chofs von Koln nach unumstosslichen Thatsachen geschildert vom Verfasser der Schrift, &c,:" with the motto; "Rom Wollte immer herrschen; und als seine Legionen fielen, sandte es Dogmen in die Provinzen."

large octavo volumes, with sixty-three plates, portraits, &c., which, we have no doubt, will be welcomed by all antiquarians.

GOETHE'S HERRMANN AND DOROTHEA.-Professor Schulze, in Gottingen, has endeavourHALLE. A new scientific and critical pe- ed to prove, that the incidents for Goethe's riodical has been started here, under the title poem have been taken from a book entitled, of "Hallische Jahrbucher fur Wissenschaft Ausfuhrlichen Historie der Emigranten oder und Kunst." A number will appear every vertriebene Lutheraner aus dem Erzbissthum day except Sunday. Among the contributors Salzburg: Leipzig, 1732.' In which an anare Creuzer, Dahlmann, Danz, Dietz, Droy-ecdote is told, headed, Singular Marriage,' sen, Ewald, Gans, J. and W. Grimm, Gruppe, containing all the minor circumstances as Herrmann, Hitzig, Keller, Lassen, Matthaei, related by Gothe.

Ranke, C. Raumer, Dr. Strauss, Uhland,

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Wackernagel, Warnkonig, de Wette, and A large fire, which broke out in one of the

VOL. XXI.

17

Berlin contains at present 85 booksellers, 29 second-hand booksellers, about 50 circulating libraries, and 4 paper manufactories.

Enslin, in Berlin, is publishing by subscrip. tion an edition of Dante's La Divine Comedia,' with a metrical German translation by August Kopisch: it will appear in one volume royal octavo, in about ten or twelve numbers.

FRANCE.

outhouses of Cotta's printing-office at Stutt-in Oriental languages, was born in Paris 1758. gart, in January last, consumed a large part He lost his father in his early youth, and was of the building and the type-foundry. It has instructed by private teachers. He was emburnt whole editions of works which were to ployed, in 1781, as Counsellor at the Cour have appeared at Easter, together with a great des Monnaies, and entered in 1785 the French part of the new edition of Gothe's and Schil- Academy as Associé libre. In 1791 he was ler's Werke. appointed by the king General Commissioner of the Coins. In 1792 he became an ordinary member of the academy. From 1793 to 1796 he lived a solitary life in the country. When the National Institute was founded he was elected a member, but he declined the honour, being unwilling to take the oath of hatred to royalty. He declined also to take it in qua lity of professor in the Special School of the Oriental Languages, but nevertheless continued to perform the duties of that station.His literary pursuits and reputation saved him during the reign of terrorism. When Napoleon reformed the Institute, De Sacy became a member of it in the department of Ancient Literature and History. In 1808 he BARON SILVESTRE DE SACY.-This great obtained the newly-established chair of Perman, who, for more than half a century, has sian in the College de France, and was chostood at the head of the Orientalists of Eu- sen a member of the legislative body by the rope, died at Paris last month in his eightieth Department of the Seine. He declared year. On the morning of the day on which against Napoleon the 3d of April, 1814, and he expired, he had attended his class at the took a large share in the discussion of the College de France-had inspected manu- different laws in the Chamber. He was not scripts for purchase for the Bibliotheque Roy-called to the first sitting after the return of ale, in his capacity of Conservator of the Oriental MSS. there-and had taken part of the debate in the Chamber of Peers, of which he was a member. On quitting the palace of the Luxembourg he was seized with apoplexy, as he was stepping into a fiacre, and he survived the shock but a few hours. The loss which the learned world has thus sustained is irreparable. His inexhaustible stores of erudition were freely imparted to all who desired to avail themselves of them; and scarcely a work of any importance in Oriental literature has appeared for many years, which was not, either directly or indi rectly, indebted to him for a considerable portion of its value. His classes, whether at the College Royal, or the Ecole speciale des Langues Orientales, (at the former he was Professor of Persian, and at the latter, of Arabic,) were the resort, not of mere students, but of men already mature in learning; aud it would be impossible for one who has not attended those classes to appreciate the value of his instructions, or the readiness and simplicity with which they were communicated. In this school it was that the Chezys, the De Tassys, the Kosegartens, Freytags, and Ewalds, and our own Falconer, were formed; nor would it be easy to name, out of all the distinguished list of those who filled the Ori ental chairs in the Universities of the continent, one whose studies were not directed by him.

A few details of his biography may not be unacceptable to the reader.

Baron Antony Isaac Silvestre de Sacy, Member of the Academy of Inscriptions, Knight of the Legion of Honour, Peer of France, but principally renowned for his extensive and critical knowledge, particularly

the king. In 1813 he was created a baron. The king made him censor in 1814, and in 1815 rector of the university of Paris, and soon afterwards a member of the Commis sion of Public Instruction. His principal works (this catalogue is far from being complete) are-Grammaire Arabe; Chrestomathie Arabe; Translation of Abdollatif; Mémoires sur diverses Antiquités de la Perse, (1793, 4to. ;) Mémoire sus l'Histoire et la Litérature Orientale, (1818, 4to. ;) Grammaire générale. His character was frank and liberal.

His writings, too numerous to come within the limits of this notice, are an invaluable store-house to the Arabic student. His Grammaire Arabe is perhaps the most elaborate and complete work of the class ever written of any language. His Chrestomathie Arabe (in three volumes) contains a large body of selections from the rich unpublished and "unsunned" treasures of the king's library, accompanied by notes characterized by a copiousness of illustration that only such erudition as his could afford to lavish. His contributions to the Journal Asiatique, hut above all, his critiques in the Journal des Savans, form a continuous review, in which almost every work of importance bearing upon Eastern literature, that has appeared for a series of years, is judged with a calm and conscientious impartiality. His last work, L'Histoire des Druzes, which he had but lately completed, and of which he had laid a copy on the table of the Institut a few days before his death, is said to be the result of many years' research, and to excel all his former writings as a monument of erudition. That a life, every moment of which was zealously devoted to the interests of learning

and religion,-for De Sacy was deeply, reflections, in which he views it in a still more though unostentatiously, pious, should have melancholy light than before, connecting it been prolonged to so late a period, is matter with the railway communication between the of congratulation; yet it is scarcely possible, two countries. The moment, says he, a book though unreasonable, not to consider its is published in Paris, it will be reprinted at duration when so employed, as but the Nes- Bruxelles, and distributed by thousands all torea brevitas senectæ.* over France. All measures against it will be fruitless. Either Belgium must be induced to introduce the same laws with respect to booksellers and authors in connection with France, or the bookselling trade, if not the literature, of France will be ruined. The author must throw away his pen, the printer his press, and the paper-maker his paper, and all persons connected with literary pursuits will sink into misery. He complains that the ministries for Public Education and for Foreign Affairs do not see the importance of the subject. He very much censures the plan of the commission for the investigation of this affair last year, of forming a code of press-laws for all Europe. In his opinion this plan ought, in the first place, only to be extended to Belgium and French Switzerland, where he says the true enemy is. England, Germany, and all other countries in which French is not spoken, are not to be feared.

Abelard and Descartes are, beyond all question, says M. Cousin, the two greatest philosophers produced by France; and yet, twelve years ago, there was no complete edition of the works of Descartes, and one of Abelard is yet to be undertaken. M. Cousin, who edited Descartes, would, he says, perform the same office for Abelard, but pleads advancing years for declining the task. At the same time he has greatly facilitated the labours of any future Editor by the recent publication of some inedited works of Abelard, the latter, in 1 vol. 4to. from MSS. in the King's Library; as well as by the learned Introduction he has prefixed to it on the State of the Scholastic Philosophy in France, and on the opinions and learning of Abelard. The greater part of Abelard's pieces in this new volume, have little interest beyond show. ing the mode adopted by him in his public teaching, and also his method with beginners. His fragment on genera and species is of far higher value; it is now published entire, and M. Cousin says that it equals in importance any thing we possess on the philosophy of that period. Now that it is before the world, and become, he adds, the property of the historians of philosophy-this fragment will be deemed the most interesting document in the great question respecting Nominalism and Realism. We cannot but add, that the appearance of this work, at the public expense, is a striking proof of the favour now shown in France to historical and philosophical research.

Knowledge of German Literature in France.-A recent number of "La France Litéraire," contains an article headed, "On the Modern (young) Literature in Germany," of which Falconnet is said to be the author. He however seems to have written this artcle twenty-five years ago, for what he means by Modern Literature is nothing less, than what is now generally called the Modern or Young School, as it comprises Körner, Moritz Arnd', (whom he singularly enough calls Arndt Moritz,) and old John; and this he calls Modern Literature in Germany. He gives us specimens of Körner, "Lützows verwegene Jagd, Schmertlied," and some others, in very inferior prose translations, and with this the "France Litéraire" pretends to have given its readers a review of Modern German Literature.

Bignon has lately again made the Belgian piracies of French books the subject of his

*Our next Number will contain an ample survey of the life and labours of this eminent scholar.

ITALY.

Even Slavonian scholars are now travelling to Rome to consult its literary stores for enlightening their own history. The author of the latest and best history of Bohemia, Francis Palacki, has returned to Prague, after a sojourn of five months at Rome. He has discovered in the collection of ancient records in the Papal archives a rich source of information, relating to the history of the last Bohemian kings of the house of Przemyliden, and the two first kings of the Luxemburg line. In the Vatican library Palacki also discovered the first sketch of the second book of the "Chronicon Aule Regiæ," by the Abbot Peter, in which he found many erasures and corrections; also an autograph copy of Æneas Sylvius, "De Viris Illustribus," hitherto unpublished, which contains the characters of his principal cotemporaries. Not long ago the Count Raczynsky, the well-known Polish author, undertook a scientific tour through Italy. He found in the records of the old Venetian republic, several large volumes, containing the relations of the accredited Ve netian ambassador at the Polish court. From seven volumes in particular he derived much information respecting Johann III., Sobieski. Raczynski has, with the permission of the Austrian government, ordered this portion to be copied. Also in other archives and libraries, in particular those at Padua, and the Ambrosian in Milan, he found collections of information hitherto unused by Polish historians, which also yielded many particulars relative to the histories of the kings Sigismond Augustus, Henry of Valois, and of Stephen Batony, which are of great importance.

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