gistic music. We pass the censor from one to the other with grace and discretion. All being dissimulation, few marked features appear. The art of comedy consists now, perhaps, in the difference between thought and language, between life as it is, and the opinion that we wish others to entertain of us. It conceals itself in the train of little falsehoods that form the foundation of the greater part of the characters of the day. From the clashing of diverse interests and of wounded vanities, let truth be elicited you will have the comedy of the age."

This History of the French Theatre has, in a certain sort, supplied a desideratum in French literature. But we must protest against the high-sounding title of 'Histoire Philosophique,' &c., it is the Dip the wig in the Atlantic of Sterne's Barber. Philosophy is a great word, raising great expectations. Whereas, those who sit down to read M. Lucas with great expectations, will certainly be disappointed. They will have a pleasant resumé of the plays which graced the Theatre Français and the Odeon from their foundation, with notices of the most remarkable actors. And voilà tout. But even that is a great deal, for those who are not unwisely led to look for more.

Nizza und die Meeralpen, geschildert von einem
SCHWEIZER. (Nice and the Maritime Alps,
described by a Swiss.) Zürich: Meyer and
Zeller.

tions for the succession, which followed the death of Giovanna, Nice declared for the house of Durazzo; but it now found that it had a sovereign who was unable to assist it against the claims of the rival pretender, and was forced to seek a protector in the person of Amadeus II., Count of Savoy. The choice of this protector was made with the consent of Ladislaus of Sicily; and it was understood that the rights of the latter were in no manner compromised. This uncertain position of protector was, however, soon changed for a more substantial title; and in 1419, Nice formally passed from the house of Anjou to that of Savoy. The Counts of Savoy became dukes in 1416, and Kings of Sardinia at the beginning of last century; and therefore to the kingdom of Sardinia, the city of Nice is now attached.

The anonymous Swiss' who has written the account of Nice, has made a very small book, but a very complete one. In little more than a pamphlet, he has given a description of the city and the surrounding country; he has set forth the nature of its constitution; he has pointed out the moral peculiarities of the people; he has criticised the climate, pronouncing the belief that it is beneficial to consumptive subjects to be quite fallacious; he has shown the life which foreigners may expect to lead when they visit Nice; he has drawn up a succinct history of the town, from the time of the Romans to the present day; and he has exhibited the pe culiarities of the provincial language in a chapter, which it would not be too much to call a grammar. This is, indeed, and in the best sense, multum in parvo!

We select for extract the chapter which is devoted to the 'foreigners at Nice.

ed; for them are designed the beautiful villas which which is said to amount to 1000. Hence there is no adorn the environs of the city, and the number of want of lodgings for large or small families, or single individuals. These residences are completely furnished. The rent varies, according to the situation and quality, from 300 to 1000 francs for the winter half year. There are lodgings for the highest and genteelest class, as well as for persons of the middle rank. In the summer months the rent is much lower. The proprietors consider winter as the only time and therefore they make a point of then paying themwhen they can derive any profit from their houses, selves for the whole year.

NICE, now chiefly celebrated for its concourse of consumptive Englishmen, sent there under an erroneous notion of its fitness to cure pulmonary complaints, has been an important city in the "The foreigners who come annually to Nice to history of Europe, and has come in for its fair pass the winter there form a distinct part of the popshare of all the broils that have agitated Italy, ulation. They are mostly English, and their numfrom the wars of the ancient Romans to the in- ber is estimated at from 5000 to 6000, in addition to vasions of republican Frenchmen. The first the French, Germans, Russians, Poles, &c. For eruption of barbarians was followed by the de- their reception is the new quarter of Nice prepared; struction of Nice; it was burned by the Lom-for them is the large suburb, Croix de Marbre, erectbards in 577; it was demolished by the Saracens in the time of Charlemagne. Most frequent has been its change of masters. Attached, together with Provence, to France by Charles Martel, it followed Provence when the kingdom of Arles was formed. A few years of republican independence were allowed it in the twelfth century by the indolence of its rulers; and during this short period, a constitution arose, the outlines of which exist at the present day. But it soon passed over into the house of Arragon, by honourable treaty, when Alphonso I. inherit ed the countship of Provence. A deficiency of male heirs caused a transfer of Provence and Nice to the house of Anjou, in consequence of a marriage, in 1246, of the Arragonian heiress with Charles, brother of the King of France. Then the new acquisitions of its Angerin monarch rendered Nice an appurtenance of the crown of Naples; and when the unfortunate Queen Giovanna fled, in consequence of the murder of her husband, about which there is so much difference of opinion, it was in this city she found the kindest reception. In the conten

"Provisions are not dear at Nice. Throughout the winter there are peas and other pulse, cauliflowers, spinach, and artichokes, as well as apples and potatoes. The sea affords many kinds of fish. Meat, poultry, and butter come from Piedmont. The wine, which is grown in the country, is cheap, but seldom unmixed. Red wine is commonly drunk: the white is scarcer and dearer, and generalit is mixed. The water, without being bad, is not ly sweet, in consequence of the materials with which remarkably good, as it is generally drawn from cisterns. The milk too is not excellent, since there is a want of meadows, and the few cows that are kept do

not find proper nourishment, Fruits of all sorts are in abundance, especially pomegranates, which are exceedingly cheap. Ripe figs are seen after April, cherries and strawberries appear in May, grapes are to be procured in July. Wood and charcoal, which are chiefly used in cooking, are dear. A visitor can either keep his own establishment, or dine at a restaurateur's. There are also numerous hotels and pensions which will provide a dinner at home.

"The mode of life adopted by foreigners at Nice is as it generally is with such places as are visited by some for the sake of pleasure, and others for the sake of health or laborious indolence.

a threefold list, containing the exact ti les of the books in question. If, unfortunately, any religious works, and above all, any of an anti-catholic or political character are found, the consent is very diffi cult to obtain, and then it is granted only under certain conditions. New difficulties arise when a person wishes to quit the country, and to proceed further with his books. For then they are examined anew at the first custom-house; a threefold list must again be prepared; and in spite of all entreaties, they are kept back, sealed with lead, and sent by a special conveyance to the frontier, where the owner, if he is in luck, will find them on payment of the carriage

expenses.

"The beauties of nature, the warm sun, the blue sky, invite to excursions which are made sometimes Under such circumstances, it is expedient to conon foot, sometimes in carriages, and sometimes on tent oneself with such literature as the place affords; horseback, or on asses, which is here just as com- which is not of a very important character. There mon. The environs of Nice are inexhaustible in af- are to be seen at Nice several booksellers and readfording new and pleasant walks; and the city itself, ing-rooms, but these afford little to satisfy the highthe mound with its extensive prospect, the corso, er demands of the mind, and the stock consists merewith its shady trees and bustle of life, and the ter- ly of English, French, and Italian belles lettres and race by the seaside, offer much that is attractive. romances. Other more important necessities, name"Those who seek the pleasures of social life and ly, those of a religious kind, part at least of the forof the world, will be satisfied at Nice. Besides a eign residents find a difficulty in satisfying. The theatre, at which there are performances in French English indeed, consistently with their estimable and Italian, there is a society called the 'Philhar-mode of thought, have erected a place of worship monic Circle,' to which foreigners may have admit- even in Nice; but this is only of service to those who tance. In the well-ordered part of the city there are know the English language. A French clergyman social réunions, balls, and concerts, and there is also who settled at Nice some time ago, and delivered a library, and a selection of the journals and periodi- very edifying discourses in his own language, was cal publications which are allowed in the country. not tolerated by the bishop, and left the country to Of these, indeed, there is no great number, and a the regret of every onc." zealous politician and reader of newspapers, here and through the whole of Sardinia, must imbibe a spirit We think the above will show that Nice is of content, and be satisfied with tolerably bare and not a place that will suit an Englishman for a monotonous diet. Periodical literature is confined length of time, especially when it is proved that within very narrow bounds, and very few foreign it has wrongly obtained that character for journals are allowed to penetrate into the celestial kingdom of Sardinia. The legitimist journals of curing pulmonary complaints, which has hithFrance, the 'Gazette de France, and its less impor-erto formed its chief attraction. tant relations, the 'Gazette du Midi,' &c., enjoy the highest degree of favour. Journals of another complexion, even though moderate, as the 'Journal des Débats,' are excluded. Of German papers, the 'Wiener Zeitung,' and the 'Oesterreichische Beobacther,' and others of a similar character are admitted. The

Gerhard, 1843.

Augsberger Allgemeine Zeitung,' which is read all SCHELLING: von Karl Rozenkranz. Danzig, over the world, even in Austria, and especially at Milan, is among the prohibited wares, and, like other journals in the same condition, can only be procured by favoured persons with the especial permission of the minister for foreign affairs, which it is most difficult to obtain. Of Swiss papers, the Tessinerzeitung,' and the 'Constitutionel Neuchatelois,' are alone tolerated. In Sardinia itself, there is only one paper, the 'Gazette Piémontese,' and this contains extracts from the foreign journals which are not admitted.

"Other branches of literature share the same fate as the periodical, when religion and politics are concerned. Nothing is allowed that is not in accordance with the spirit of the whole, with the idea of a patriarchal and priestly government. If a person takes with him but a few books, excessive rigour is not used; but if, contemplating a long stay, he wishes to bring a collection of favourite works, or to order them from home, that he may take his necessary intellectual food, and guard off the insipidity consequent on a dolce far niente, he will find his project attended with many difficulties. If the books, by observance of the necessary forms, happily cross the frontier, they will not pass the custom-house at Nice, without the consent both of the spiritual and temporal authorities. This is only given after a careful investigation to further which, the owner must give

* Since prohibited.

If we give but a very brief notice of this highly interesting course of lectures, it is not because we have lightly skimmed over them, but because we shall, probably, on some future occasion, give a general review of the Schelling and Hegel controversy, in which event they would form one of our text-books. In the meanwhile, having carefully read them through, we state our opinion that Mr. Rosenkranz, who is a wellknown Hegelian, has succeeded in putting Schelling in the worst possible position, by means the fairest that could be devised. The kranz scarcely in any instance opens a direct atlectures are not essentially polemic: Rosentack: but he gives an account of the whole of Schelling's philosophical career, taking him book by book, in the chronological order of publication, to the time of his accepting the professorship at Berlin. Then he leaves him: for Schelling has been cautious enough to print nothing since he took the chair he at present holds, and if any one else speaks for him he is ready at a moment's warning to declare that he has been misunderstood. Without intrenching on the lines of his new fortification, M. Rosenkranz has ample opportunity to lower the estimation

in which Schelling may be held, by directing his attention solely to works that bear Schelling's name, and pointing out the phases of his career. And a pretty figure does poor Schelling cut, when all the treatises that he wrote from about 1790 to 1834 are marshalled before him! We find a man, spoiled by over-success in his youth, committing a series of the most glaring inconsistencies; and still professing that he has but one system. We find him making promises of further developments that he never performed; we find him wantonly changing his phraseology

object, the execution of which is admirable. The first part, the only one already published, treats of the management of small bodies of water, or springs; and we are promised a second and third, respectively devoted to rivers and seas. The work is of the most elaborate description, and is accompanied by a large atlas of plates.

DRUMANN. Königsberg: Bornträger. 1841. THE merits and peculiarities of Drumann's History of Rome in the time of its transition from the need a particular description. The reader who republic to the empire, are too well known to takes interest in such subjects, will recollect that this Roman history is treated quite on a new plan, being divided into the histories of the several great families. The fifth volume, which was published in 1841, is devoted to the Pomponii, the Porcii, and the Tullii.

at every step; we find him recklessly picking up Geschichte Roms. (History of Rome.) Von W. all sorts of discoveries in science and archeology, and endeavouring to fit them to his own system, and then obliged to make a forget of it; we find him loosely drawing large conclusions from the most insufficient premises; we find him mistaking fancy for reason; we find him ungenerous to his early friend Hegel:-in a word, if we would give a picture of a truly unphilosophical character we would say 'look at Schelling" In his early days he had a great thought. He broke through the one-sided subjectivity of Fichte, and proclaimed an 'absolute' that should be indifferent to subject and object, and from which both should be developed. He gave the hint of the first truly logical beginning, but he never constructed a complete philosophical system, and he never will.

Ueber den Frieden unter der Kirche und der
Staaten. (On Peace between the Church
and the States.) By the Archbishop of
Cologne. Münster. Theissing. 1843.

A BOOK belonging to the controversy between
the Prussian government and the Roman church.
The archbishop endeavours to define the true
position of ecclesiastical establishments: assert-
ing the right they have not only to existence,
but to efficient means for extending their influ-
ence, and contending that a full maintenance of
all their privileges must operate beneficially as
well to the state as to the church, even though
the governor of the state be a Protestant.
Whether the treatise will convince any one
who is on the opposite side of the question, we
cannot say; but we can bear witness that the
aged bishop defends his position with singular
force and acumen.

Handbuch der Wasserbaukunst. (Manual of
Hydraulic Architecture.) Von G. HAGEN.
Königsberg: Bornträger. 1841.

THE title of this book sufficiently explains its

Lehrbuch der Ungarischer Sprache. (Compen-
dium of the Hungarian Language.) Von J.
N. REMELE. Vienna: Tendler and Schaefer.
1843.

Analyse Ungarischer Classiker. (Analysis of
Hungarian Classics.) Von J. N. REMELE.

1842.

Ungarischer Geschäftsstyl in Beispielen. (Hungarian Commercial style, in examples.) Von J. N. REMELE. 1843.

WILL the English readers, who have just sipped Magyar poetry from Dr. Bowring's translation, feel an inclination to plunge deeper into the literature, now such very inviting books as those of Professor Reméle are before them? We fear not: though indeed the plan upon which his Lehrbuch is constructed is such as to render them extremely tempting. He does not begin with long, tedious rules, but at once introduces the reader to the Hungarian tongue by abundant examples, both of words and sentences, conveying such grammatical information as is not contained in the paradigms, by means of notes at the bottom of the page. The Analysis,' which was published before the Lehrbuch,' is not exactly on the same plan; as it is introduced by grammatical rules shortly stated. The substance of the work consists of selections from Magyar authors, with an interlinear translation.

MISCELLANEOUS LITERARY NOTICES.

Literature has sustained a loss by the death of Caroline Pichler, who has long maintained a distinguished rank among the novelists and po-jured: etesses of Germany. She was born on the 7th September, 1769. Her mother was one of the Empress Maria Theresa's ladies of the bedchamber, and Caroline Pichler held an appointment in the service of the court of Austria, where her husband was a counsellor of state. She died at Vienna, the 9th of July, after an illness of considerable severity and duration. To the last, in conversation with her friends, she manifested a lively interest in literary subjects.

ed with some important communications from | We live altogether here in the greatest harmothe expedition sent by the King of Prussia to ex- ny, enjoying excellent health. We submit to amine the architectural monuments and other re- the various unavoidable plagues indigenous to mains of art in Egypt. We have now to call this land of Egypt, and of which we have alattention to the most important of the labours of ready had no slight experience, but we have the expedition, viz., the exploration of the Laby- passed through them with spirits undepressed, rinth of Moris. We give the account of this and tempers unruffled." great discovery from extracts of the learned professor's own letters, published under the author ity of the Prussian government, the same authentic source whence our preceding articles relating to the expedition were derived.

"On the Ruins of the Labyrinth, June 20, 1843. "For some weeks past we have had our camp pitched on the ruins of the Labyrinth. I write to Cairo, for the purpose of communicating to you by the packet which sails from Alexandria on the 27th, the first intelligence of the definite discovery and examination of the real Labyrinth of the Maris Pyramid. It was impossible, even on the first superficial inspection, to doubt that we had the Labyrinth before us and beneath our feet, though early travellers have scarcely mentioned these structural remains. We at once discerned some hundreds of chambers rendered plainly perceptible by their walls. When you shall have an opportunity of seeing the plan drawn by Herr Erbkam, the architect, who has devoted great labour to his task, you will be astonished to perceive how much still remains of these remarkable edifices. Former descriptions, even those of Jomard and Courtelle, do not correspond with the localities as we found them on the spot; and my confidence in the representations of Perring, Colonel Vyse's able architect, is greatly diminished on account of his sketches of these ruins. All that is in best preservation, the part lying to the west of the chasm Bahr Sherkié, is omitted; neither has Mr. Perring given the original circumference of the whole. The chasm Bahr Sherkie seems to have been the principal stumbling block to previous travellers; but we easily passed it by placing across it two poles, and so forming a sort of bridge.

the same date as the above, he writes as folIn another letter from Professor Lepsius, of lows:

"Since the 23d of May, our camp has been pitched near the southern foot of the Pyramid of Maris. This said Moris reigned from 2194 to 2151 before our era, and was the last king of the Egyptian empire before the conquest of the Hyksos. The Labyrinth, and more especially the Lake Maris, are testimonies of his power, of his love of grandeur, and of his proneness to great undertakings for the general benefit of the country. Contemporaneous with our arrival at Fayoum, M. Linant, the French architect in the service of the pasha, who devotes himself chiefly to hydraulic works, made the highly interesting discovery (which he has described in a special treatise), that the ancient Lake Mæris, which has hitherto been an object of anxious research with the learned, no longer exists; the water having nearly all been carried off by some channel, whilst there remains only a portion of the gigantic dam by which it was kept back. Throughout the whole province no lake is to be found except Birket-el-Kerun, which lies to the north-west; therefore it would be a remarkable instance of injudicious criticism to refer to it the descriptions of the ancients; since it has neither been the work of human hands, nor did it ever water the principal town of Crocodilopolis and the Labyrinth. Neither is the existence of its fishery proved by the fact of the saline property of its waters. Besides, it does not lie in the specified direction, nor does it encircle two pyramids, and the great object which fame has recorded, could not have been adequately accomplished by it. That object was to intercept the water during the overflow"The principal results of our exploration is ing of the Nile, and to let it out again in the the monumental evidence of the name Maris-season of drought; thus supplying due moisture the confirmation of the actual construction of the for the plains of Memphis and the adjoining Labyrinth for a palace, and of the Pyramid for a provinces of the Delta. The dry lake discov tomb. We have here also the confirmation of ered by Linant is bounded by dams of 160 feet the account of Manethon, who placed Moeris in in breadth, and is equal in extent and depth to the 12th dynasty, and not the 17th, as has been the Birket-el-Kerun Lake. It perfectly fulfils supposed. With this letter I send you a Trea- all the required conditions, and this would be tise on the Structure of the Pyramids,' which I recognized by any impartial eye, for the ground wrote at Cairo, when recovering from a severe at which yet embraces the whole of that part of tack of illness. I am also forming a collection of the province is apparently soil from the bed of the stones found in the Labyrinth. They will in- the lake. We daily look out from the Labyterest you on account of the prevalence of black rinth, not across the water as Herodotus looked, minerals, as you doubt the existence of basalts of but over the black bottom of Lake Mæris tothe proper olive kind. I have likewise collected wards the minarets of Fayoum, the present capisome specimens of the innumerable kinds of pot-tal of the province of the same name, built tery, fragments of which have been employed in covering and facing the chambers of the Labyrinth. The same sort of facing with shell or thin pieces of stone or tile,- -or what may be called ostracious structure, we had previously observed in the ruins of Memphis. Our drawing of the ruins of Memphis, also the work of Erbkam, exhibits the ground plan of that splendid structure.

partly on the ruins of the ancient Crocodilopolis. However if it was difficult to find the ancient Lake of Maris in Birket-el-Kerun, it certainly was not more easy to overlook the Labyrinth, the ruins of which correspond with the descriptions of the ancients in all respects. The agreement as to distances is generally exact, as also are the relative positions of the real lake Croco