collision with the Archbishop, and he was deprived and suspended. He was, at a later date, Vicar of St. Lawrence Jewry, but soon resigned. He was an unwearied preacher of sermons and writer of pamphlets, and ever ready for public disputation with his opponents. But he was also full of sympathy for the troubles of the poor-keen also and bold in rebuking the abuses and the vices of his age. In 1550 he wrote a series of one and thirty vigorous remonstrances in rhyme against the varied evils he saw around him-the State plundering the Church, the rich plundering the poor, the Puritan taxing the Papist with idleness, ignorance, and immorality, and anon letting in seven other spirits worse than those which had been driven out, brawlers and drunkards, usurers and forestallers, flatterers and backbiters, and swearers and dicers, and idle vagabonds, pluralities in the Church, discommoning of open lands, bribery in public offices, and so forth. In the same year he issued another book, also in verse, in which he sounded his trumpet of warning in lessons addressed severally to magistrates, gentlemen, women, merchants, lawyers, physicians, learned men, scholars, lewd priests, yeomen, servants, and beggars. His appeals are vigorous and very earnest, but by no means wanting in kindliness. I give an extract from The Gentleman's Lesson. As regards form, it has no pretence to being more than the merest rhyme :

Get thee knowledge, I say, and then
Thou shalt perceive thine own degree
To be such that, among all men,

Thou hast most need learned to be.

Thou shalt perceive thou hast no time
To spare and spend in banqueting;
For though thou watch till it be prime
Thou shalt have enough to doing.

Thou shalt not find any leisure
To dice, to card, or to revel,
If thou do once take a pleasure
In using thine own calling well.

Thy mind shall be still ravished
With the desire to walk upright,
And to see all vice punished,

So much as shall lie in thy might.

Thou shalt delight for to defend

The poor man that is innocent,
And cause the wicked to amend
And the oppressor to repent.

Thou shalt have delight in nothing
Saving in doing thy duty;

Which is, under God and the king,

To rule them that thou dost dwell by.

Thou shalt not think that thou mayest take

Thy rent to spend it at thy will,

As one that should no reckoning make

For ought that he doth well or ill.1

And so he continues through 160 lines, concluding with the admonition to live night and day in God's fear.

Crowley also wrote a poem on The Last Judgment, and a version of the Psalms of David.

I must just mention Thomas Tusser's Hundred Good Points of Husbandry, published in 1557. It was well that a little handbook in verse, so popular that it was once probably, in the hands or committed to the memories of almost all the country gentlemen, and others con

1 Select Works of Robert Crowley, ed. by J. M. Cowper for E.E. T.S. p. 90: Thou that arte borne to lande and rent.'

nected with husbandry, in the kingdom,'1 should, even in the most simple and unassuming way, recognise, amid all the routine of the farmer's life, the ruling hand of God, and the duty of thankfulness to Him.

Now think upon God; let thy tongue never cease
From thanking of Him for His mighty increase.2

The following lines are from his poetical autobiography, first added to the edition of 1573 of his Points of Husbandry:

When all is done, learn this, my son,
Not friend nor skill, nor wit nor will,
Nor ship nor clod, but only God
Doth all in all.

Man taketh the pain, God giveth gain;
Man doth his best, God doth the rest;
Man well intends, God foizon [plenty] sends,
Else want he shall.3

He was also the author of a Christmas carol which appears in collections.

The two next extracts are from six poems, in which each verse ends with a refrain, given to J. Jegon, Master of Corpus Christi College, Cambridge, by Richard Cox, Bishop of Ely, who was born in 1499, and died in 1581. It is not known who they were written by.

SAY-WELL AND DO-WELL.

Say-well, and do-well, they are things twain;
Thrice happy is he in whom both reign.

Say-well is truly a worthy thing;

Of say-well great goodness doth not forth spring :
Say-well from do-well differeth a letter ;
Say-well is good, but do-well is better.

Say-well, etc.

Say-well is ruled by man some deal;

Do-well doth wholly to God appeal.

1 Sir E. Brydges' advertisement to his edition of A Hundreth Good Poyntes of Husbandry.

2 Id. Nowe thinke upon God, let thy tonge neuer cease. 3 Thomas Tusser's Will and Poetical Autobiography, 1846.

Say-well saith goodly, and doth many please;
Do-well liveth godly, and doth the world ease.
Say-well, etc.

Say-well makes many to God's word cleave;
But for lack of do-well they quickly leave.
If say-well and do-well were joined in a frame,
All were won, all were done, got were the game.
Say-well, etc.

Say-well in danger of death is cold;

Do-well is earnest and wondrous bold,

When say-well for fear doth tremble and quake,
Do-well shall be jocund and jolly there make.
Say-well, etc.

Say-well is slipp'ry, and winketh whiles;
Do-well is simple, and without guiles.

Where say-well for shame shall hide his face,
Do-well shall triumph in every place.
Say-well, etc.

Say-well to silence is oftentimes bound;
Do-well is free in every stound [hour].
Say-well hath friends but here and there;
Do-well is welcome everywhere.
Say-well, etc.

Say-well in hand doth many things take
Do-well an end of them doth make.

Where say-well with many is quite down-cast,
Do-well is trusty, and will stand fast.
Say-well, etc.

Say-well himself will oft advance;

Do-well doth neither jet [strut] nor prance,

Yet do-well the world doth profit more

Than say-well and his hundred store.

Say-well, etc.

Say-well in wordes is proper and trick [set-off],
Do-well in deeds is nimble and quick :

Lord, trick and quick together knit,

So shall they pipe a merry fit.
Say-well, etc.1

Richard Edwards (1523-66), Editor of the Paradise of Dainty Devices, and the chief contributor to it, wrote

1 Six Ballads with Burdens, from MS. in C. C. Coll., Cambridge, ed. by Jas. Goodwin, Percy Society, 1844, vol. xiii. :

'Say-well ys truly a worthy thyng,

Off say-well greate goodnes noth furth spryng.'

some sacred poetry of a didactic strain, not very noteworthy, but with some dignity of tone, as in the verses which begin

Whoso will be accounted wise, and truly claim the name,

By joining virtue to his deeds he must achieve the same.1 Edwards was a senior student of Christ Church, and in 1561 was appointed by Elizabeth a gentleman of the Royal Chapel and a Master of the Children of the Chapel.

Archbishop Parker (1504-75) may just be mentioned as one of that great company of unsuccessful translators of the Psalms (1560). His version of the hundredth is a singular one, for which cause alone I quote it :

O joy, all men terrestriall!
Rejoyce in God celestiall !

I byd not Jewes especiall,

But Jewes and Greekes in generall ;-
Serve ye thy Lord heroicall,
With joy of hart effectuall;
Seke ye hys sight potentiall

With hymnes of myrth most musicall.
His gates and courtes tread usuall
With laudes and hymnes poeticall;
Geve thankes to hym continuall,
And bless his name most liberall.

For why? this Lord so principall
Is sweete, His grace perpetuall:
Hys truth of word stand ever shall

With hundreth thankes: thus ende we all.2

Francis Thynne's Debate between Pride and Lowliness -a humorous tale with a religious moral to it—was printed about 1568. It concludes with the epithymeWho purposeth to liven virtuose

In favour of our God, let him take keep
That Pride none office bears within his house;
For where he doth, Virtue is laid to sleep.3

1 Paradyse of Daynty Devises, p. 27: Whoso will be accompted wise.' 2 Corser's Collectanea Anglo-Poetica, vol. ix. p. 109.

Francis Thynne's Debate, etc., reprinted for the Shakespeare Society, 1841, p. 81.