feasting upon them, serve as metaphors for slaughter. Isa. xxxiv. 6. Ezek. xxxix. 17, 19. And the pontifical robes, which were very splendid, suggested several images expressive of the glory of both the Jewish and the Christian Church. Ezek. xvi. 10, 14. Isa. lxi. 10.

FOURTHLY. Many metaphors were borrowed from history. From the fall of angels. Isa. xiv. 12. Ezek. xxviii. 14, and from the fall of man, ver. 13. From the Deluge. Isa. xxiv. 18. From the destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah. Isa. xxxiv. 9. The Exodus and deliverance from Egypt. Isa. xi. 15,16. xliii. 16,17.

By many it may be supposed, I have departed from the simplicity which ought to characterize books intended for the use of young people; but my conviction is, the knowledge of these subjects, connected as it is with Rhetoric, is of great importance; but infinitely more so when it is considered they may lead to a more intimate acquaintance with the Holy Scriptures, which are able to make the student wise unto salvation.

THE PASSIONS.

I should regard it as a deficiency in this work, were I to omit to notice that true eloquence is generally the offspring of passion. It is when the feelings of a speaker are alive, when his affections are warm, when his passions are roused, that he exerts the most commanding influence over the human mind. It is then that his auditors are interested, agitated, and carried insensibly along with him, that their passions keep pace with his; that they love and detest, pardon and punish, resolve and act, according to his inclination. passions are so numerous, and their signs so diversified, that to ascertain the one with precision, and delineate the other with accuracy, would be very difficult. I shall attempt only a few of their phenomena, and refer the reader for more in detail, to the larger works on this subject.

The

ADMIRATION

Is a mixture of wonder and esteem; but surprise and amazement are nearly allied to it. Wonder is produced by the perception of any uncommon object: the sudden or unexpected appearance of that object induces surprise; and the prolongation of surprise produces amazement. Rev. xvii. 3, 6. If the object make a soft and pleasing impression on the mind, and arrest the attention by its beauty, or its grandeur, it excites admiration. Genesis xxiv. 15, 27. But if its attributes, in similar circumstances, tend to disturb our tranquillity and rouse our apprehension, it creates fear. Luke i. 11, 12; or inspires terror. Luke xxiv. 37; occasions sorrow, or provokes aversion. Job iv. 13, 16. Admiration widens the mouth, opens the aperture of the eyes, and either raises them to heaven, or fixes them intensely on its object; the hands are sometimes lifted above the breast, with the palms open, and sometimes deliberately brought together. The voice is at first low and solemn, but clear and emphatical, however, as the speaker proceeds, it becomes more sprightly, and assumes a tone bordering on rapture.

PEEVISHNESS.

Were indifference a passion, I should think it a very proper contrast to admiration, as the state of mind which it indicates is its direct reverse; but peevishness, which seems to be a mixture of chagrin, anger, (Jonah iv. 1,9,) and contempt, is almost equally suitable to my present purpose. Genesis xxxi. 36-7. In expressing it, the sentences are short and broken, the utterance hasty and unequal, the upper lip disdainfully elevated, and the eyes glance obliquely at its object.

LOVE.

The object of love must possess some real or supposed excellence sufficient to justify esteem, an interest in its happiness, a desire of familiar intercourse with it, and a delight in its presence and approbation. Cant. vii. 6. In love the countenance is pleasingly serene; the eyes languish and dote on the dear object; the voice soft

and insinuating, tender and pathetic, plaintive or rapturous, according to the degree of its strength, the reception it meets, or the effect it would produce. The hands are sometimes clasped and brought to the breast, sometimes held out with hesitation and trembling, and sometimes extended towards the beloved object. A tenderness is diffused through the whole demeanour; but when hope is low, an air of anxiety accompanies all its signs.

HATRED.

That continued disapprobation which arises from frequent reflection on a disagreeable object, is denominated hatred; (Genesis xxxvii. 4,) and the painful sensations produced by its presence or approach, is designated aversion. When hatred ceases to conceal itself, it draws back the body and face from the abhored object; but the eyes continue to look at it in an angry and oblique manner. 2 Samuel xiii. 15, 17. The hands are also spread out, to prevent its approach; and the voice is low, but loud, harsh, unequal, surly, and

vehement.

JOY.

Is that pleasing elation of mind which arises from the certain prospect or the actual possession of some valued enjoyment. Esther v. 9. When it settles into a habit, or flows from a temper of mind which is truly desirous to please and to be pleased, it is called good humour or cheerfulness; but when it results from ludicrous or fugitive amusements, in which others participate, it is denominated mirth. Eccles. vii. 4. Prov. xiv. 13. When moderate, it covers the countenance with smiles, and throws a sunshine of delectation over the whole frame. Job xxix. 13. When sudden or violent, the voice is pitched pretty high, and continues clear and lively. Matthew ii. 10. The eyes are bright, sparkling, and often raised to heaven; the hands are elevated, clapped together, or waved with an air of triumph

GRIEF.

Is a painful depression of spirits, occasioned by the privation of good, (Acts xx. 37-8,) or the endurance of

evil. Job ii. 12, 13. When silent and thoughtful, it has the designation of sadness. When long indulged, and allowed to prey upon the vitals-to possess the mind, or to become habitual,-it takes the character of melancholy. 2 Sam. xxi. 10. When severely agitated by alternate hopes and fears, it becomes distraction. Psa. lxxxviii. 15. And when hope ceases to gild its gloom, it degenerates into the dreadful state of despair. 1 Sam. xxviii. 15-20. In grief the countenance is dejected, and the head declines; the eyes are languid. and spiritless (Neh. ii. 2), sometimes cast downward, drowned in tears; and sometimes lifted wishfully to heaven (Gen. xxi. 16): the voice is plaintive, low, heavy, interrupted with sighs, or breaks out into loud lamentations (2 Sam. xviii. 33), according to the strength of the passion, or the nature of its subject. The hands hang down unanimated, alternately rise and fall, are passionately wrung, pressed on the breast (Luke xviii. 13), beat the forehead, or cover the eyes.

HOPE

Agitates the mind with a mixture of desire and joy, (Phil. ii. 23) while it anticipates the possession of some distant good. It brightens the countenance, expands the arms to grasp the object of its wishes; the voice is plaintive, pleasing, or eager, and the breath is drawn inward with unusual force, to express the strength of desire, and the earnestness of expectation.

FEAR

Proceeds from the approach or apprehension of immediate suffering. When its object bursts on us unexpectedly, and produces an uncommon agitation, it rises into terror, or dreadful consternation. 1 Sam. xxviii. 12, 13. Matt. xxviii. 4. In fear, the mouth and eyes are opened pretty wide; the countenance is wild and pale; the voice is weak and tremulous; the elbows are drawn back, and the hands held before the breast, with the palms open, and opposed as a shield to the dreaded object; one foot is placed behind the other, so that the body seems shrinking from the danger, and preparing

G

for retreat; the heart beats, the breathing is quick, and a general tremour shakes the whole body.

COURAGE

Perseveres in pursuit of some desirable object, while dangers threaten, or difficulties interpose. Hope, elated by security, creates confidence (1 Sam. xiv. 12); and ostentation of personal prowess, or affectation of courage in the absence of danger, is the characteristic of bravado. In courage, the head is erect; the breast a little projected; the countenance clear and open: the voice firm, full, and equal; the accents strong, round, and deliberate (1 Sam. xvii. 45-6); the left hand may be placed a-kimbo, and the right clenched, thrown forward with spirit, moved in different directions, or made to rebound from the breast.

IRRESOLUTION

Is the reverse of courage. Judg. viii. 20. It collects the body into a thoughtful posture. The head hangs down, with the eyes on the earth, the mouth shut, and the lips pursed together. Suddenly the position is altered, and something of importance seems to be discovered; but the contemplative posture is soon resumed, and the motions are irregular, the pauses long, the tones unequal, the sentences broken and unfinished.

ANGER

Is a propensity to violence, a disposition to punish offenders. 2 Sam. xii. 5. Revenge, together with an inclination to injure, eagerly seeks opportunities of gratification, and exults with a ferocious triumph, in the prospect of accomplishing its purposes. Gen. xxvii. 41. Anger commonly expresses itself with rapidity, noise, harshness, or hesitation. It wrinkles the brow, heaves the nostrils, strains the muscles, clenches the fist, stamps the foot, and gives a violent agitation to the whole body. Numbers xxiv. 10.

GRATITUDE.

As anger disposes its subject to retaliate injuries, or to