[FORMULE-Not proper, because the two chief members which compose this period, are separated only by the comma after "fruit." But, according to Rule 1st for the Semicolon, "When two or more complex members, or such clauses as require the comma in themselves, are constructed into a period, they are generally separated by the semicolon." Therefore, the pause after "fruit should be marked by a semicolon.]

"But he used his eloquence chiefly against Philip, king of Macedon, and, in several orations, he stirred up the Athenians to make war against him."—Bullions, E. Gram., p. 84. "For the sake of euphony, the n is dropped before a consonant, and because most words begin with a consonant, this of course is its more common form.'"-Ib., p. 192. "But if I say 'Will a man be able to carry this burden?' it is manifest the idea is entirely changed, the reference is not to number, but to the species, and the answer might be 'No; but a horse will.'"-Ib., p. 193. "In direct discourse, a noun used by a speaker or writer to designate himself, is said to be of the first person-used to desiguate the person addressed, it is said to be of the second person, and when used to designate a person or thing spoken of, it is said to be of the third person."-Ib., p. 195. "Vice stings us, even in our pleasures, but virtue consoles us, even in our pains."-Day's Gram., p. 84. "Vice is infamous though in a prince, and virtue honorable though in a peasant."-Ib., p. 72. "Every word that is the name of a person or thing, is a Noun, because 'A noun is the name of any person, place, or thing.'"-Bullions, Pract. Les., p. 83.

"This is the sword, with which he did the deed,

And that the shield by which he was defended."—Bucke's Gram., p. 56.

UNDER RULE II.-OF SIMPLE MEMBERS.

"A deathlike paleness was diffused over his countenancee, a chilling terror convulsed his frame; his voice burst out at intervals into broken accents.”—Principles of Eloquence, p. 73. [FORMULE-Not proper, because the first pause in this sentence is not marked by a suitable point. But, according to Rule 24 for the Semicolon, "When two or more simple members, or such clauses as complete their sense without subdivision, are constructed into a period; if they require a pause greater than that of the comma, they are usually separated by the semicolon." Therefore, the comma after "countenance" should be changed to a semicolon.]

"The Lacedemonians never traded-they knew no luxury-they lived in houses built of rough materials-they lived at public tables-fed on black broth, and despised every thing effeminate or luxurious."- Whelpley's Lectures, p. 167. "Government is the agent. Society is the principal." -Wayland's Moral Science, 1st Ed., p. 377. "The essentials of speech were anciently supposed to be sufficiently designated by the Noun and the Verb, to which was subsequently added, the Conjunction."-Bullions, E. Gram., p. 191. "The first faint gleamings of thought in its mind are but the reflections from the parents' own intellect, the first manifestations of temperament are from the contagious parental fountain,--the first aspirations of soul are but the warmings and promptings of the parental spirit."-Jocelyn's Prize Essay, p. 4. "Older and oldest refer to maturity of age, elder and eldest to priority of right by birth. Farther and farthest denote place or distance: Further and furthest, quantity or addition."-Bullions, E. Gram., p. 148. "Let the divisions be natural, such as obviously suggest themselves to the mind, and as may aid your main design, and be easily remembered."— Goldsbury's Manual of Gram., p. 91.

"Gently make haste, of labour not afraid :

A hundred times consider what you've said.”—Dryden's Art of Poetry.

UNDER RULE III.-OF APPOSITION, &C.

(1.) "Adjectives are divided into two classes: Adjectives denoting quality, and Adjectives denoting number."-Frost's Practical Gram., p. 31.

[FORMULE.-Not proper, because the colon after the word “classes," is not the most suitable sign of the pause required. But, according to Rule 3d for the Semicolon, "Words in apposition, in disjunct pairs, or in any other construction, if they require a pause greater than that of the comma, and less than that of the colon, may be separated by the semicolon." In this case, the semicolon should have been preferred to the colon.]

(2.) "There are two classes of adjectives-qualifying adjectives, and limiting adjectives.”—Butler's Practical Gram., p. 33. (3.) There are three Genders, the Masculine, the Feminine, and the Neuter."-Frost's Pract. Gram., p. 51; Hiley's Gram., p. 12; Alger's, 16; S. Putnam's, 14; Murray's, 8vo, 37; and others. (4.) "There are three genders: the MASCULINE, the FEMININE, and the NEUTER."-Murray's Gram., 12mo, p. 39; Jaudon's, 25. (5.) "There are three genders: The Masculine, the Feminine, and the Neuter."-Hendrick's Gram., p. 15. (6.) “The Singular denotes ONE, and the Plural MORE THAN ONE."-Hart's Gram., p. 40. (7.) "There are three Cases viz., the Nominative, the Possessive, and the Objective."-Hendrick's Gram., p. 7. (8.) "Nouns have three cases, the nominative, the possessive, and the objective."-Kirkham's Gram., p. 41. (9.) "In English, nouns have three cases-the nominative, the possessive, and the objective."R. C. Smith's New Gram., p. 47. (10.) "Grammar is divided into four parts, namely, ORTHOGRAPHY, ETYMOLOGY, SYNTAX, PROSODY."-Ib., p. 41. (11) "It is divided into four parts, viz. ORTHOGRAPHY, ETYMOLOGY, SYNTAX, and PROSODY."-L. Murray's Grammars all; T. Smith's Gram., p. 5. (12.) "It is divided into four parts: viz. Orthography-Etymology-SyntaxProsody."-Bucke's Gram., p. 3. (13.) "It is divided into four parts, namely, Orthography, Etymology, Syntax and Prosody."-Day's Gram., p. 5. (14.) "It is divided into four parts: viz. Orthography, Etymology, Syntax and Prosody."-Hendrick's Gram., p. 11. (15.) "Grammar is divided into four parts: viz. Orthography, Etymology, Syntax and Prosody."-Chandler's Gram., p. 13. (16.) "It is divided into four parts: Orthography, Etymology, Syntax, and Prosody."Cooper's Pl. and Pract. Gram., p. 1; Frost's Pract. Gram., 19. (17.) "English grammar has

been usually divided into four parts, viz: Orthography, Etymology, Syntax and Prosody."-Nutting's Gram., p. 13. (18.) "Temperance leads to happiness, intemperance to misery."-Hiley's Gram., p. 137; Hart's, 180. (19.) "A friend exaggerates a man's virtues, an enemy his crimes." -Hiley's Gram., p. 137. (20.) "A friend exaggerates a man's virtues: an enemy his crimes." -Murray's Gram., 8vo, p. 325. (21.) "Many writers use a plural noun after the second of two numeral adjectives, thus, 'The first and second pages are torn.' -Bullions, E. Gram., 5th Ed., p. 145. (22.) "Of these, the Latin has six, the Greek, five, the German, four, the Saxon, six, the French, three, &c."-Id., ib., p. 196.

"In (ing) it ends, when doing is express'd,

In d, t, n, when suffering's confess'd.”—Brightland's Gram., p. 93.

MIXED EXAMPLES OF ERROR.

"In old books i is often used for j, v for u, vv for w, and ii or ij for y."—Hart's E. Gram., p. 22. "The forming of letters into words and syllables is also called Spelling."-Ib., p. 21. "Labials

are formed chiefly by the lips, dentals by the teeth, palatals by the palate, gutturals by the throat, nasals by the nose, and linguals by the tongue."-Ib., p. 25. "The labials are p, b, f, v; the dentals t, d, s, z; the palatals g soft and j; the gutturals k, q, and c and g hard; the nasals m and n; and the linguals 1 and r."-sʊ., p. 25. "Thus, the man having finished his letter, will carry it to the post office.'"-Ib., p. 75. "Thus, in the sentence 'he had a dagger concealed under his cloak,' concealed is passive, signifying being concealed; but in the former combination, it goes to make up a form, the force of which is active."-Ib., p. 75. "Thus, in Latin, 'he had concealed the dagger' would be 'pugionem abdiderat;' but 'he had the dagger concealed' would be 'pugionem abditum habebat."—Ib., p. 75. "Here, for instance, means 'in this place,' now, at this time,' &c."-Ib., p. 90. "Here when both declares the time of the action, and so is an adverb, and also connects the two verbs, and so is a conjunction."-Ib., p. 91. "These words were all no doubt originally other parts of speech, viz.: verbs, nouns, and adjectives."-Ib., p. 92. "The principal parts of a sentence are the subject, the attribute, and the object, in other words the nominative, the verb, and the objective."—Ib., p. 104. "Thus, the adjective is connected with the noun, the adverb with the verb or adjective, pronouns with their antecedents, &c."—Ib., p. 104. "Between refers to two, among to more than two."-Ib. p. 120. "At is used after a verb of rest, to after a verb of motion."-Ib., p. 120. "Verbs are of three kinds, Active, Passive, and Neuter." -Lennie's Gram., p 19; Bullions, Prin., 2d. Ed., p. 29. "Verbs are divided into two classes: Transitive and Intransitive."-Hendrick's Gram., p. 28. "The Parts of Speech in the English language are nine, viz. The Article, Noun, Adjective, Pronoun, Verb, Adverb, Preposition, Interjection and Conjunction."-Bullions, Prin. of E. Gram., p. 7. "Of these the Noun, Pronoun, and Verb are declined, the rest are indeclinable."-Id., ib., p. 7; Practical Lessons, p. 9. "The first expression is called the 'Active form.' The second the 'Passive form.' Weld's Gram., 2d Ed., p. 83; Abridged, p. 66.

"O'tis a godlike privilege to save,

And he that scorns it is himself a slave."-Cowper, Vol. i, p. 123.

SECTION III.—THE COLON.

The Colon is used to separate those parts of a compound sentence, which are neither so closely connected as those which are distinguished by the semicolon, nor so little dependent as those which require the period.

RULE I.-ADDITIONAL REMARKS.

When the preceding clause is complete in itself, but is followed by some additional remark or illustration, especially if no conjunction is used, the colon is generally and properly inserted: as, "Avoid evil doers: in such society, an honest man may become ashamed of himself."- -"See that moth fluttering incessantly round the candle man of pleasure, behold thy image!"-Art of Thinking, p. 94. "Some things we can, and others we cannot do: we can walk, but we cannot fly.”— Beattie's Moral Science, p. 112.

"Remember Heav'n has an avenging rod:

To smite the poor, is treason against God."—Cowper.

RULE II-GREATER PAUSES.

When the semicolon has been introduced, or when it must be used in a subsequent member, and a still greater pause is required within the period, the colon should be employed: as, "Princes have courtiers, and merchants have partners; the voluptuous have companions, and the wicked have accomplices: none but the virtuous can have friends.”—“ Unless the truth of our religion be granted, a Christian must be

the greatest mouster in nature: he must at the same time be eminently wise, and notoriously foolish; a wise man in his practice, and a fool in his belief: his reasoning powers must be deranged by a constant delirium, while his conduct never swerves from the path of propriety."-Principles of Eloquence, p. 80.

"A decent competence we fully taste;

It strikes our sense, and gives a constant feast:
More we perceive by dint of thought alone;

The rich must labour to possess their own.”—Young.

RULE III.--INDEPENDENT QUOTATIONS.

A quotation introduced without a close dependence on a verb or a conjunction, is generally preceded by the colon; as, "In his last moments, he uttered these words: I fall a sacrifice to sloth and luxury."—" At this the king hastily retorted: No put-offs, my lord; answer me presently."-Churchill's Gram., p. 367. "The father addressed himself to them to this effect: O my sons, behold the power of unity!"-Rippingham's Art of Speaking, p. 85.

IMPROPRIETIES FOR CORRECTION.

FALSE PUNCTUATION.-ERRORS CONCERNING THE COLON.

UNDER RULE I.-ADDITIONAL REMARKS.

"Of is a preposition, it expresses the relation between fear and Lord."-Bullions, E. Gram., p. 133.

[FORMULE.-Not proper, because the additional remark in this sentence is not sufficiently separated from the main clause, by the comma after the word preposition. But, according to Rule 1st for the Colon, "When the preceding clause is complete in itself, but is followed by some additional remark or illustration, especially if no conjunction is used, the colon is generally and properly inserted." Therefore, the colon should here be substi tuted for the comma.]

"Wealth and poverty are both temptations to man; that tends to excite pride, this discontentment."-Id., ib., p. 98; see also Lennie's Gram., p. 81; Murray's, 56; Ingersoll's, 61; Alger's, 25; Merchant's, 44; Hart's, 137; et al. "Religion raises men above themselves, irreligion sinks thein beneath the brutes; this binds them down to a poor pitiable speck of perishable earth, that opens for them a prospect in the skies."-Bullions, E. Gram., p. 98; Lennie's Gram., p. 81. Love not idleness, it destroys many."-Ingersoll's Gram., p. 71. "Children, obey your parents; honour thy father and mother, is the first commandment with promise."-Bullions, Pract. Les sons, p. 88. "Thou art my hiding place, and my shield, I hope in thy promises."―0. B. Peirce's Gram., p. 56. "The sun shall not smite me by day nor the moon by night. The Lord will preserve from evil. He will save my soul.-BIBLE."—Ib., p. 57. "Here Greece is assigned the highest place in the class of objects among which she is numbered-the nations of antiquity-she is one of them."-Lennie's Gram., p. 79.

"From short (as usual) and disturb'd repose

I wake; how happy they who wake no more!"-Hallock's Gram., p. 216.

UNDER RULE II.-GREATER PAUSES.

"A taste of a thing, implies actual enjoyment of it; but a taste for it, implies only capacity for enjoyment; as, When we have had a true taste of the pleasures of virtue, we can have no relish for those of vice.'"-Bullions, E. Gram., p. 147.

[FORMULE-Not proper, because the pause after enjoyment is marked only by a semicolon. But, according to Rule 2d for the Colon, When the semicolon has been introduced, or when it must be used in a subsequent member, and a still greater pause is required within the period, the colon should be employed." Therefore, the second semicolon here should be changed to a colon.]

"The Indicative mood simply declares a thing; as, He loves; He is loved; Or, it asks a question; as, Lovest thou me?"-Id., ib., p. 35; Pract. Lessons, p. 43; Lennie's Gr., p. 20. "The Indicative Mood simply indicates or declares a thing: as, 'He loves, he is loved:' or it asks a question: as, 'Does he love?' 'Is he loved?'"-L. Murray's Gram., 8vo, p. 63; 12mo, p. 63. "The Imperfect (or Past) tense represents an action or event indefinitely as past; as, Cæsar came, and saw, and conquered; or it represents the action definitely as unfinished and continuing at a certain time, now entirely past; as, My father was coming home when I met him.”—Bullions, P. L., p. 45; E. Gr., 39. "Some nouns have no plural; as, gold, silver, wisdom, health; others have no singular; as, ashes, shears, tongs; others are alike in both numbers; as, sheep, deer, means, news."-Day's School Gram., p. 15. "The same verb may be transitive in one sense, and intransitive in another; thus, in the sentence, 'He believes my story,' believes is transitive; but in this phrase, 'He believes in God,' it is intransitive."-Butler's Gram., p. 61. "Let the divisions be distinct; one part should not include another, but each should have its proper place, and be of importance in that place, and all the parts well fitted together and united, should present a whole."-Goldsbury's C. S. Gram., p. 91. "In the use of the transitive verb there are always three things implied, the actor, the act, and the object acted upon. In the use of the intransitive

there are only two—the subject or thing spoken of, and the state, or action attributed to it.”— Bullions, E. Gram., p. 30.

Why labours reason? instinct were as well;

Instinct far better; what can choose, can err."-Brit. Poets, Vol. viii, p. 326.

UNDER RULE III.-INDEPENDENT QUOTATIONS.

"The sentence may run thus; 'He is related to the same person, and is governed by him.'". Hart's Gram., p. 118.

[FORMULE-Not proper, because the semicolon is here inserted, in an unusual manner, before a quotation not closely dependent. But, according to Rule 3d for the Colon, "A quotation introduced without a close dependence on a verb or a conjunction, is generally preceded by the colon.' Therefore, the colon should be here preferred.]

"Always remember this ancient proverb, 'Know thyself."-Hallock's Gram., p. 26. "Consider this sentence. The boy runs swiftly."-Frazee's Gram., Stereotype Ed., p. 107; 1st Ed., 110. "The comparative is used thus; 'Greece was more polished than any other nation of antiquity.' The same idea is expressed by the superlative when the word other is left out. Thus, 'Greece was the most polished nation of antiquity.'"-Bullions, E. Gram., p. 114: see Lennie's Gram., p. 78. "Burke, in his speech on the Carnatic war, makes the following allusion to the well known fable of Cadmus's sowing dragon's teeth;-'Every day you are fatigued and disgusted with this cant, the Carnatic is a country that will soon recover, and become instantly as prosperous as ever. They think they are talking to innocents, who believe that by the sowing of dragon's teeth, men may come up ready grown and ready made.'”—Hiley's Gram., p. 137; see also Hart's, 180. "For sects he car'd not, 'they are not of us,

Nor need we, brethren, their concerns discuss." "—Crabbe.

"Habit with him was all the test of truth,

'It must be right: I've done it from my youth.'

Questions he answer'd in as brief a way,

'It must be wrong—it was of yesterday.'”—Id., Borough, p. 33.

MIXED EXAMPLES OF ERROR.

"This would seem to say, 'I doubt nothing save one thing, namely, that he will fulfil his promise;' whereas, that is the very thing not doubted."-Bullions, E. Gram, p. 147. "The common use of language requires that a distinction be made between morals and manners, the former depend upon internal dispositions, the latter on outward and visible accomplishments."—Beattie's Moral Science, p. 233. "Though I detest war in each particular fibre of my heart yet I honor the Heroes among our fathers who fought with bloody hand: Peacemakers in a savage way they were faithful to their light; the most inspired can be no more, and we, with greater light, do, it may be, far less."-Parker's Idea of a Church, p. 21. "The Article the, like a, must have a substantive joined with it, whereas that, like one, may have it understood; thus, speaking of books, I may select one, and say, 'give me that;' but not, 'give me the;' 'give me one;' but not 'give me a."—Bullions's E. Gram., p. 194. "The Present tense has three distinct forms-the simple; as, I read; the emphatic; as, I do read; and the progressive; as, I am reading."-Ib., p. 39. "The tenses in English are usually reckoned six. The Present, the Imperfect, the Perfect, the Pluperfect, the Future, and the Future Perfect."-Ib., p. 38. "There are three participles, the Present or Active, the Perfect or Passive, and the Compound Perfect; as, 'loving, loved, having loved.'"-L. Murray's Gram., 2d Edition, p. 52; Alger's, 28; Fisk's, 82; Bacon's, 24. "The Participles are three, the Present, the Perfect, and the Compound Perfect; as, loving, loved, having loved."-Hart's Gram., p. 74. "Will is conjugated regularly, when it is a principal verb, as, present, I will, past, I willed, &c."-Frazee's Gram., Ster. Ed., p. 42; Old Ed., p. 40. "And both sounds of x are compound, one is that of gz, and the other, that of ks."-lb., Ster. Ed., p. 16. happy: he is benevolent: he is useful."-Cooper's Murray, p. 18; Pl. and Pract. Gr., 33. "The Pronoun stands instead of the noun; as, The man is happy; he is benevolent; he is useful.'"-L. Murray's Gram., 2d Ed., p. 27. A pronoun is a word used instead of a noun, to avoid the too frequent repetition of the same word: as, 'The man is happy,' 'he is benevolent,' he is useful.' ”Ib., p. 37. "A pronoun is a word, used in the room of a noun, or as a substitute for one or more words, as: the man is happy; he is benevolent; he is useful."-Cooper's Pl. and Pr. Gram., p. 14; his Abridg. of Mur., 34. "A common noun is the name of a sort, kind, or class of beings, or things, as: animal; tree; insect; fish; fowl."-Cooper's Pl. and Pr. Gram., p. 17. "Nouns have three persons: the first; the second; and the third."-Ib., 17.

"(Eve) so saying, her rash hand in evil hour

Forth reaching to the fruit; she pluck'd, she ate
Earth felt the wound and nature from her seat,
Sighing through all her works, gave signs of wo,

That all was lost."-Cooper's Pl. and Pr. Gram., p. 175.

SECTION IV. THE PERIOD.

"The man is

The Period, or Full Stop, is used to mark an entire and independent sentence, whether simple or compound.

RULE I-DISTINCT SENTENCES.

When a sentence, whether long or short, is complete in respect to sense, and independent in respect to construction, it should be marked with the period: as, "Every deviation from truth is criminal. Abhor a falsehood. Let your words be ingenuous. Sincerity possesses the most powerful charm."-" The force of a true individual is felt through every clause and part of a right book; the commas and dashes are alive with it.”—R. W. Emerson,

"By frequent trying, TROY was won.

All things, by trying, may be done."-Lloyd, p. 184.

RULE II.-ALLIED SENTENCES.

The period is often employed between two sentences which have a general connexion, expressed by a personal pronoun, a conjunction, or a conjunctive adverb: as, "The selfish man languishes in his narrow circle of pleasures. They are confined to what affects his own interests. He is obliged to repeat the same gratifications, till they become insipid. But the man of virtuous sensibility moves in a wider sphere of felicity."-Blair.

"And whether we shall meet again, I know not.

Therefore our everlasting farewell take."-Shak., J. C.

RULE III.-ABBREVIATIONS.

The period is generally used after abbreviations, and very often to the exclusion of other points; but, as in this case it is not a constant sign of pause, other points may properly follow it, if the words written in full would demand them: as, "A. D. for Anno Domini;-Pro tem. for pro tempore ;-Ult. for ultimo ;—i. e. for id est, that is;-—Add., Spect., No. 285; i. e., Addison, in the Spectator, Number 285th.

"Consult the statute; quart.' I think, it is,

'Edwardi sext.,' or 'prim. et quint. Eliz.'"-Pope, p. 399.

OBSERVATIONS.

The

OBS. 1.-It seems to be commonly supposed, whether correctly or not, that short sentences which are in themselves distinct, and which in their stated use must be separated by the period, may sometimes be rehearsed as examples, in so close succession as not to require this point: as, "But if thou wilt enter into life, keep the commandments. He saith unto him, Which? Jesus said, Thou shalt do no murder, Thou shalt not commit adultery, Thou shalt not steal, Thou shalt not bear false witness, Honour thy father and thy mother: and, Thou shalt love thy neighbour as thyself."-SCOTT, ALGER, AND OTHERS: Matt.. xix, 17, 18, 19. "The following sentences exemplify the possessive pronouns :-'My lesson is finished; Thy books are defaced; He loves his studies; She performs her duty; We own our faults; Your situation is distressing; I admire their virtues."-L. Murray's Gram., 8vo, p. 55. What mode of pointing is best adapted to examples like these, is made a very difficult question by the great diversity of practice in such cases. semicolon, with guillemets, or the semicolon and a dash, with the quotation marks, may sometimes be sufficient; but I see no good reason why the period should not in general be preferred to the comma, the semicolon, or the colon, where full and distinct sentences are thus recited. The foregoing passage of Scripturo I have examined in five different languages, ten different translations, and seventeen different editions which happened to be at hand. In these it is found pointed in twelve different ways. In Leusden's, Griesbach's, and Aitton's Greek, it has nine colons; in Leusden's Latin from Montanus, eight; in the common French version, six; in the old Dutch, five; in our Bibles, usually one, but not always. In some books, these commandments are mostly or wholly divided by periods; in others, by colons; in others, by semicolons; in others, as above, by commas. The first four are negative, or prohibitory; the other two, positive, or mandatory. Hence some make a greater pause after the fourth, than elsewhere between any two. This greater pause is variously marked by the semicolon, the colon, or the period; and the others, at the same time, as variously, by the comma, the semicolon, or the colon. Dr. Campbell, in his Four Gospels, renders and points the latter part of this passage thus: "Jesus answered, Thou shalt not commit murder. Thou shalt not commit adultery. Thou shalt not steal. Thou shalt not give false testimony. Honour thy father and mother; and love thy neighbour as thyself.'" But the corresponding passage in Luke, xviii. 20, he exhibits thus: "Thou knowest the commandments. Do not commit adultery; do not commit murder; do not steal; do not give false testimony; honour thy father and thy mother." This is here given as present advice, referring to the commandments, but not actually quoting them; and, in this view of the matter, semicolons,