A.D. 1536. of his subjects, and have an eye thitherwards; CH. 10. and on Wednesday next he will be there again to hear their minds. There shall be a proviso made March. for the poor people. The gaols shall be rid; the faulty shall die; and the others shall be rid by proclamation or by jury, and shall be set at liberty, and pay no fees. Sturdy beggars and such prisoners as cannot be set at work, shall be set at work at the king's charge; some at Dover, and some at places where the water hath broken over the lands. Then, if they fall to idleness, the idler shall be had before a justice of the peace, and his fault written. If he be taken idle again in another place, he shall be known where his dwelling is; and so at the second mention he shall be burned in the hand; and if he fail the third time, he shall die for it.'* The king, as it appeared, had now the means at his disposal to find work for the unemployed; and the lands bequeathed for the benefit of the poor were re-applied, under altered forms, to their real intention. The antithesis which we sometimes hear between the charity of the monasteries-which relieved poverty for the love of God-and the worldly harshness of a poor-law, will not endure inspection. The monasteries, which had been the support of' valiant beggary,' had long before transferred to the nation the maintenance of the impotent and the deserving; and the resumption of an abused trust was no more than the natural consequence of their dis Letter of Thomas Dorset to the Mayor of Plymouth: Suppression of the Monasteries, p. 36. CH. 10. honesty. A.D. 1536. honesty. I have already discussed* the penal clauses of this act, and I need not enter again upon that much-questioned subject. Never, however, at any period were the labouring classes in England more generously protected than in the reign of Henry VIII.; never did any government strain the power of legislation more resolutely in their favour; and, I suppose, they would not themselves object to the re-enactment of Henry's penalties against dishonesty, if they might have with them the shelter of Henry's laws. The session was drawing to an end. At the close of it, the government gave one more proof of their goodwill toward any portion of the church establishment which showed signs of being alive. Duns Scotus being disposed of in Bocardo, the idle residents being driven away, or compelled to employ themselves, and the professors' lectures having recovered their energy, there were hopes of good from Oxford and Cambridge; and the king conceded for them what the pope had never conceded, when the power rested with the See of Rome; he remitted formally by statute the tenths and firstfruits, which the colleges had paid in common with all other church corporations. His Majesty is conscious,' says the act which was passed on this occasion,† that the Payment of enforcing of the payment of firstfruits against firstfruits the universities, may prejudice learning, and the Uni- cause the students to give their minds to other things, which might not be acceptable to God;' remitted to versities. *Vol. i. chap. I. † 27 Hen. VIII. cap. 42. A.D. 1536. and 'he has conceived such hearty love and tender CH. 10. affection to the continuance of honest and virtuous living, and of the arts and sciences (wherewith it March. hath pleased Almighty God abundantly to endow his Highness), as that his Grace cannot compare the same to any law, constitution, or statute; nor tolerate any such ordinance, though the commodity and benefit thereof should never so much redound to his own profit or pleasure, if it may hinder the advancement and setting forth of the lively word of God, wherewith his people must be fed; or if it may imperil the knowledge of such other good letters as in Christian realms is expedient to be learned. He has therefore,(for that the students should the more gladly bend their wits to the attaining of learning, and, before all things, the learning of the wholesome doctrines of Almighty God, and the three tongues, Latin, Greek, and Hebrew, which be requisite for the understanding of Scripture,)—thought it convenient' to exonerate the universities from the payment of firstfruits for ever. of the mary of its So closed the first great parliament of the Dissolution Reformation, which was now dissolved. The parliament Lower House is known to us only as an ab- and sum straction. The debates are lost; and the details labours. of its proceedings are visible only in faint transient gleams. We have an epitome of two sessions in the Lords' journals; but even this partial assistance fails us with the Commons; and the Lords in this matter were a body of secondary moment. The Lords had ceased to be the leaders of the English people; they existed as an orna A.D. 1536. CH. 10. ment rather than a power; and under the direction of the council they followed as the stream drew April 4 them, when individually, if they had so dared, they would have chosen a far other course. The work was done by the Commons; by them the first move was made; by them and the king the campaign was carried through to victory. And this one body of men, dim as they now seem to us, who assembled on the wreck of the administration of Wolsey, had commenced and had concluded a revolution which had reversed the foundations of the State. They found England in dependency upon a foreign power; they left it a free nation. They found it under the despotism of a church establishment saturated with disease; and they had bound the hands of that establishment; they had laid it down under the knife, and carved away its putrid members; and stripping off its Nessus robe of splendour and power, they had awakened in it some forced remembrance of its higher calling. The elements of a far deeper change were seething; a change, not in the disposition of outward authority, but in the beliefs and convictions which touched the life of the soul. This was yet to come; and the work so far was but the initial step or prelude leading up to the more solemn struggle. Yet where the enemy who is to be conquered is strong, not in vital force, but in the prestige of authority, and in the enchanted defences of superstition, those truly win the battle who strike the first blow, who deprive the idol of its terrors by daring to defy it. CHAPTER XI. THE TRIAL AND DEATH OF ANNE BOLEYN. HE first act of the great drama appeared to CH. 11. have closed. No further changes were for the present in contemplation. The church was re-established under its altered constitution; and the parliament had been dissolved under the impression that it would be unnecessary to summon another for an indefinite time.* Within four weeks of the dissolution, writs were issued for a fresh election, under the pressure of a misfortune which is alike calamitous, under whatever aspect we regard it; and which blotted the Reformation with a black and frightful stain. The guilt must rest where it is due; but under any hypothesis, guilt there was, dark, mysterious, and most miserable. Queen The fate of Queen Catherine had by this time Death of completed itself. She had taken her leave of a catherine. world which she had small cause to thank for the entertainment which it had provided for her; and she died, as she had lived, resolute, haughty, and unbending. In the preceding October (1535), she was in bad health; her house, she imagined, Speech of the Lord Chancellor: Lords' Journals, p. 84. |