These LECTURES originated in notes prepared for use in lecturing on the subjects indicated by their titles, to my classes in the University. They were published some six or eight years ago-chiefly for the use of those attending my Lectures although they have attracted a
wider circle of readers and students.
The original edition having been exhausted, I have taken advantage of the opportunity not only to bring down some of the discussions to the present state of the facts to which they relate, but also to reconstruct and rearrange the whole, with something of an enlargement of the discussion of two or three of the leading topics such as, for example, the nature of sensation, the nature and origin of "ideas," and the extent and influence of volition in human action.
I have called this work, "Lectures on Psychology," for the two-fold purpose of forestalling the expectation of find
ing the fulness and proportions of a complete treatise
and of allowing myself a little more more ease and latitude in the discussion and illustration of some of the points, than the proprieties of a systematic and scientific presentation of the facts and principles of so comprehensive a subject, would allow.
In the selection of the Authors that I have cited or referred to, I have not aimed to give a view of the whole literature of the subject, nor yet to quote all the authors whose opinions are well worth considering. I have aimed rather to cite those whose names will most frequently occur in the hearing and reading of my students, or those whose opinions most prevail in the community where we live. Want of space, as well as want of time, to look them up, has compelled me to omit the mention of authors that do not come within the range thus indicated.
LECT. XIII.-NATURE AND REALITY OF MIND.
LECTURE I.-THE NERVOUS SYSTEM.
The Origin of the Idea of a Soul or Mind, 9. The Two Methods of Inves- tigation, II. Results of the Physical Method, 12. Results of the Psy- chological Method, 13. The Psychological as the Foundation of the Physical Method, 14. The Body a Piece of Mechanism, 15. The Matter of the Nervous System, 16. Two Kinds of Nerve Fibres, 16. The Ganglionic Masses, 18. The Hemispheres of the Brain, 19. Six Kinds of Afferent Nerves, 21. The Nerves of Touch and of the Sense of Pain, 22.
The Phrenological Theory, 25. Later Attempts at Localization, 26.
The Discoveries of Bell and Marshall Hall, 27. Carpenter's Classification
of Reflex Actions, 28. Different Functions of Sensory Nerves, 29. Aim
of Fritsch, Hitzig and Ferrier, 30. Three Different Regions of the Brain,
31. Supposed Functions of the Occipital Lobes, 32. Reactions of the
Middle Lobes, 33. Dangers of Wrong Inference from the Supposed Analo-
gy of Men and Animals, 35.
Sensation the Connecting Link Between Mind and Body, 36. Brown-
Sequard's Experiments, 37. Sensations Produced in the Nerve-Centres, 38.
Is Sensation a State of Mind? 40. Sensation Different from Perception,
42. Sir William Hamilton's Views, 43. Huxley's Experiment, 45. The
Proper Interpretation of it, 47. Why Regard Sensation as Purely Physi-
cal? 48. Sensation Passive and Perception Active, 50. Huxley's Defini-
tion of Sensation, 51. Two kinds of Sensations, 52. Why the Two have
been Confounded, 53. Results of the Psychological Method, 54. The
Spinal Cord as a Centre of Sensation, 55. No Sensation Unless Recently
Produced, 57. Sensation Bodily, Perception Mental, 58. Connection of
the Posterior Columns with the Sense of Touch. 58. Different Centres in
which Sensations are Produced, 60.
Consciousness a Function of the Hemispheres, 62. The Co-operation of the
Hemispheres, 63. Consciousness not Essential to Sensation, 64. Several
Kinds of Reflex Action, 66. Hamilton's Theory of Consciousness, 68.
Several Meanings of the Word, 69. Hamilton's View Accounted For, 70.
The Narrower Definition Adopted. 72. Locke's Use of the Word, 73.
How Much is Contained in Consciousness? 75. Locke's Account of Sensa- tion, 77. Sensations Without Consciousness, 78. No Consciousness of Sensations in the Special Senses, 79. The Inhibitory Action of the Hemi- spheres, 80. Unconscious Brain Activity, 81. Hamilton's View of the Phenomena, 82. Nature of the Phenomena, 84. The Effects of Physio- logical Studies, 85. Nerve-cell Activity without Sensation, 85. Are Ani-
⚫mals Conscious? Reasons for Doubting it, 86.
LECTURE IV.--SENSE PERCEPTION.
Perception Produced by Sensation, 90. When Perception Ceases, 91. Lim- it to the Frequency of Sensations, 92. Difference Between the Two Classes of Sensations, 93. Classification of Objective Sensations, 94. No Nerve
will Perform Two Functions, 95. Sensations Below Man, 96. Sensation
without Sense-Organs, 97. Senses in Relation to the Properties of Ob-
jects, 98. Color and Form of Objects, 99. Properties Recognized by
Touch, 101. Sensations by the Subjective Sense, 102. Sight and Touch
in Relation to Externality, 103. Objectivity First by Touch, 103. Ches-
selden's Patient, 105. Perception a Result of Education, 106. Estimate
of Distance, 107 Difficulty of Understanding Perception, 108. Origin
of the Idealistic Theory, 109. Sensations not Like Their Objects, 110.
Sensations, How Transmitted, III. Nature and Rapidity of the Nerve-
Current, 111. The Permanence of Sensations, 113. Co-ordination as a
Condition of Perception, 115.
LECTURE V.--FALSE PERCEPTION AND IMAGINATION.
Perception, True and False, 117. Perception not Voluntary, 118. In What
Sense False, and in What True, 120. False Perception Occasioned by the
Organs of Sense, 120. False Perception Occasioned by the Hemispheres,
122. Examples from Carpenter and Tuke, 123, The Cases Explained,
124. No Sensations Voluntarily Produced, 125. Consciousness of Dis-
eased Condition, 125. Conditions of True Perception, 126. Imagination
or Ideation, 127. The Old Theory of Ideas, 128. Necessity for Retain-
ing and Using the Word "Idea," 130. Imagination in Relation to Memory,
132. Imagination in Perceiving, 133. Imagination in Regard to Objectiv-
ity, 135. Imagination in Recognition, 136. Imagination in Relation to
False Perception, 137. We Perceive Objects, and not their Properties, 138.
Voluntary Imagination, 140. Imagination as Distinct from Conception,
141. Limit to Imagination, 142. Imagination Stimulated by Words, 143.
The Nature of Knowledge, 146. The Relation of Words to Ideas, 147.
Ideas and Affirmations, 147. Four Kinds of Propositions, 148. Ideas the
Ultimate Elements of Knowledge, 149. Plato's Theory of Ideas, 150.
Aristotle's View of the Origin and Nature of Knowledge, 152. Descartes'
Classification of Ideas, 152. Locke's Theory of the Origin of Ideas, 153,
Kant's Theory of Schemata, 153. Cousin's Theory of a priori Ideas, 154.
Points in Common to all the Theories, 155. Insight Distinguished from
Intuition, 156. Illustration and Proofs of Insight, 158. Causation as an
Example, 160. Causation and Antecedence, 162. Insight in Classifica-
tion, 164. Insight the Foundation of Axioms, 164. How the Theory of
Ideas Fails, 166. Indirect Recognition of Insight, 167. Reasoning an Ex-
ercise of Insight, 170. Co-ordination in Insight, 171. A Caution to be
Observed, 173. The Elementary Acts of Reasoning, 175.
and Inference, 178.
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