tion. I noticed the hogs did go and lay under the trees. I found one or two places where they had rooted, although I had rings in their noses, but I thought it would be a benefit to the ground where they stirred it a little.

Mr. Kellogg - A neighbor of mine a mile from me injured an orchard by turning in a large quantity of hogs. The season was wet and the foliage not very abundant, and those hogs tramped that ground sufficiently to injure the orchard.

Mr. Peffer I have a neighbor that has a small orchard of twenty trees, and one who had fifty trees in his orchard, and the corn was not very good and the hogs wanted something to eat, and they gnawed the bark off the trees; and when there was not enough of that, they gnawed the bark off the roots; the consequence is, there is not a live tree there.

Mr. Chipman There was no gnawing the trees whatever in my orchard. There was plenty of corn for them to eat, and they lay there and packed the ground. They had some fifty acres of grass they could run out to if they chose, but they chiefly ate the corn and came under these trees and lay there; and when they had laid there long enough they would go away. We planted the orchard to corn the same as we did the field. I intended to fence between the orchard and the field, but so many said the hogs would benefit the apple trees, I let them all go.

Mr. Keyser What breed of hogs did you have?

Mr. Chipman - Pretty well graded up Poland-China.

Mr. Field — What condition was your ground in? Was it packed down very hard?

Mr. Chipman — Very solid. The land had been corn land for about seventeen years. That was the first year I ever turned hogs in it. Under every tree where the hogs lay the ground was packed as hard as a road. I think the packing of the earth was the cause of the dying of the trees.

Mr. Kellogg moved that the thanks of the joint convention be tendered to the different railroads for their kindness.

Unanimously adopted.

On motion, the convention adjourned.

ENTOMOLOGICAL NOTES.

As but few of the farmers and horticulturists of the state are familiar with the habits and transformations of even the most common of our insect enemies, it was thought best to give a much fuller account of some of those briefly mentioned by Dr. Hoy in his address on Insects. In the preparation of these notes, the reports of the leading entomologists, especially those of Dr. Harris, Profs. Riley, Thomas and Packard, were frequently consulted, and facts there gathered were arranged so as to give a general rather than a complete scientific account of the life history of the insects described. The thanks of the society are due to Prof. Cyrus Thomas, State Entomologist of Illinois, and to Miss Emma A. Smith, of Peoria, Illinois, for their kindness in giving us the use of some of the cuts illustrating the notes.

The codling moth, the canker worm and the tent caterpillar are justly regarded as the three great enemies of the orchard. In destructiveness, arising from numbers and general distribution, the first is usually considered much the worst for the apple. The canker worm and the tent caterpillar are confined to narrower limits, but are equally, if not more, destructive to orchards infested with them, for while the codling moth leaves a portion of the crop unharmed; they annihilate all the fruit and impair the vitality of the trees. The tent caterpillar is much more generally known and widely extended than the canker worm, owing to the fact that in its habits it is much more likely to attract attention, and it is much more easily conveyed from place to place in the moth states.

They multiply very rapidly when once they have gained foothold, and unless active measures are taken for their destruction, they soon extend over large areas, and will come year after year, stripping orchard and forest of their foliage. Yet if the right means are used, and at the proper time, there are none of our insect enemies so easily destroyed, or so completely under our con

'trol. Many calling them the army worm believe that they come from some unknown place, in some accountable manner, fully armed and commissioned for the work of destruction; but their origin and development is at, or near, the field of their operations. Every step can be seen by the careful observer, and in every stage of their development, for nearly the whole year through, they are exposed to the attacks of those who earnestly seek their destruction. The farmer or gardener who allows them to come year after year, destroying both fruit and tree, has no one to blame but himself; it is not chargeable to Providence, old Adam or anything else except his own ignorance, indolence or shiftlessness.

The worms first make their appearance soon after the leaves start in the spring, usually about the first of May, hatching from eggs laid the previous summer by the parent moth on the twigs of the trees, near or on the new wood growth. They readily find and feed upon the tender leaflets, and at once begin to spin a company web in some convenient fork of the limbs, to serve as shelter from heat and storm in the earlier stages of their growth; each adds its silken thread to make their common home. For the first week or ten days they gather here at night and in inclement weather, going out in the forenoon to the nearest leaves to feed. Each worm as it passes back and forth, spins its thread, which soon forms a silky highway on which they travel much more readily. Being very small at this stage, they usually escape notice, unless attention is drawn to their glistening web; but their growth is rapid. In a week or ten days they cease to gather nightly in their tent; a few may be found there still, but the largest part lie on limbs near where they have been feeding during the day, or gather in masses on the larger limbs, and even on the body of the tree, in the same manner as the forest tent caterpillar does, and often remain inactive and torpid for hours, while moulting. After casting their skins they scatter and devour the leaves with increased vigor. There are four of these changes in the four or six weeks passed in the larvæ state.

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Harris describes the worm as about two inches in length when fully grown. Their heads are black; extending along the top of the back, from one end to the other, is a whitish line, on each side of which, on a yellow ground, are numerous short and fine crinkled black lines, that, lower down, become mingled together, and form

18-HORT. So.

1

1

a broad, longitudinal black stripe, or rather a row of long black spots, one on each ring, in the middle of each of which is a small blue spot; below this is a narrow wavy yellow line, and lower still the sides are variegated with fine intermingled black and yellow lines, which are lost at last in the general dusky color of the under side of the body. The whole body is very sparingly clothed with short and soft hairs, rather thicker and longer on the sides than elsewhere." At all stages of their existence the larvæ are enor

a b. Full grown larvæ. c. Egg cluster. d. Cocoon.

mous feeders, but as they approach maturity, they develop wonderful proficiency in this line, often stripping whole orchards in a brief space of time, leaving the trees as bare of vegetation as they are in mid-winter. Having consumed the foliage on one tree they hasten to others. In some instances they have been so numerous and rapacious as to be driven by want of food to extend their travels some distance from their starting point. This species usually confine its ravages to the orchard, preferring the leaves of the ap

ple, cherry and plum, but when these are not convenient, they thrive equally well on the bass wood, elm and some other varieties of forest trees.

As they reach maturity they wander about singly, seeking some convenient shelter in which to pass the chrysalis state. This is usually found under the rough bark of the trees, or in the fence corners or the brush or rubbish near the ground. Some take refuge in the old nests and are transformed there. Having found the desired place, the worms spin a double cocoon, the inner one of a close, firm texture, the outer of a loose and coarser fibre and a yellow color, the space between the two being filled with a yellowish fluid, which when it becomes dry resembles powdered sulphur. Here they remain between two and three weeks and then emerge as a moth.

From the first to the middle of July these moths are usually seen in the greatest numbers. The moths are of a reddish-brown color, but there is often a considerable variation in shade, some being much lighter than others; they are thick bodied, and when their wings are spread, extend from an inch and a quarter to one inch and a half. Two oblique, parallel, whitish lines extend across the fore wings, dividing them into three nearly equal parts. There is often quite a difference in the prominence of these white lines, and in some individuals the portion of the fore wing between the body and the first line is of a grayish color. The hind wings are uniform in color and about the same shade as the body of the fore wing. The female moths are nearly double the size of the male. These moths fly only at night. In the month of July they are often heard thumping against the windows in the evening, attracted by the light within. Should the window or door be open, they enter in a noisy, boisterous manner, flying rapidly about the light, and dashing wildly around the room. Their life in the moth state is very brief. In a few days after their first appearance they pair, and the female deposits the eggs for the next season's brood of worms. She usually selects for this purpose twigs of new growth of wood; they are occasionally found on the old wood, but always near the present season's growth. The eggs are laid in clusters of from two hundred to three hundred each, in a regular continuous circle, winding around the twig. The eggs are glued firmly to each other and to the twig, and the whole are covered with a thick coat of