TABLE OF CONTENTS. SECT. I. Geographical Outline...... II. Political and Social Condition of the Egyptians... III. History of Egypt from the earliest Period to the Accession of Psam- IV. History of Egypt from the Reign of Psammetichus to its subjugation SECT. I. Geographical Outline and Natural History. II. History of the Ethiopians.. III. Arts, Commerce, and Manufactures of Meroë. CHAPTER III.-Babylonia and Assyria. SECT. I. Geographical Outline and Natural History.... II. Political and Social Condition of the Assyrians and Babylonians. SECT. V. History of the United Kingdom of Israel...... VI. The Revolt of the Ten Tribes.-The Kingdom of Israel... CHAPTER VI.-The Empire of the Medes and Persians. SECT. I. Geographical Outline...... II. Sources and Extent of our Knowledge respecting the Ancient III. Social and Political Condition of Ancient Persia... IV. History of the Medes and Persians under the Kaianian Dynasty. PAGE. CHAPTER VII.-Phænician Colonies in Northern Africa. II. Geographical Outline of the Peloponnesus.. III. The Grecian Islands in the Ægean and Mediterranean Seas. V. The Social and Political Condition of Greece.. VI. Traditional History of Greece from the earliest Ages to the Com- mencement of the Trojan War....... VII. From the Trojan War to the Colonization of Asia Minor.. CHAPTER IX.-History of the Grecian States and Colonies before the V. Tyrannical Rule of Sparta.-Third Peloponnesian War.. VI. The Second Sacred War.-Destruction of Grecian Freedom..........128 SECT. I. Geographical Outline of Macedon..... CHAPTER XII.-History of the States that arose from the Dismemberment SECT. I. History of Macedon and Greece from the Battle of Ipsus to the II. From the Foundation of Rome to the Abolition of Royalty.. III. From the Establishment of the Roman Republic to the Burning of IV. From the Rebuilding of the City to the First Punic War.... V. From the Commencement of the Punic Wars to the Beginning of the PAGE. THE STUDENT'S MANUAL OF ANCIENT HISTORY. CHAPTER I. EGYPT. SECTION 1.-Geographical Outline. EGYPT is the country in which we first find a government and political institutions established. Civilization everywhere seems to have commenced in the formation of agricultural associations, on the banks of rivers; and the Nile invites men to tillage more forcibly than any other. Egypt itself has been called, from the earliest antiquity, "the Gift of the Nile," and its annual inundations have had a vast influence over the lives and customs, the religion and science, indeed, the entire social existence of the people. It appears that civilization advanced northward along the valley of the river: and we shall therefore commence our examination of the land, at the southern frontier of Egypt. The Nile enters Egypt near the city of Syéne, below the cataracts, and flows through a narrow valley, about nine miles in breadth, to Chem'mis, where the valley begins to widen. At Cercasórus, sixty miles from its mouth, the stream divides, and encloses a triangular piece of country, called the Delta. The narrow valley from Syéne to Chem'mis was called Upper Egypt; the wider valley, Middle Egypt; and the Delta, Lower Egypt. Rain seldom falls in Lower Egypt, almost never in the upper regions: the fertility of the country, therefore, depends on the annual overflowings of the river. These inundations are caused by the heavy rains, that fall in Upper Ethiopia, from May to September. The rivers of that country pour their waters into the Nile, which begins to rise about the middle of June. Early in August, the river overflows its banks, giving the valley of the Nile the appearance of an inland sea. Toward the beginning of October, the waters begin to subside, and, by the end of the month, are confined to the proper channel of the river. The fertility of Egypt extends as far as this inundation reaches, or can be continued by artificial means. |