Valleys of Piedmont, followed by the intolerant decrees issued against the Christian Reformers, their petition to the King of Sardinia, and the statistical description of the Vaudois districts.

This account is drawn up by M. Charles Coquerel, one of the contributors to the Revue Encyclopédique. It is an useful supplement to the history of the Vaudois and of the persecutions they have undergone. Their present population amounts to 18,000 souls in 22 communes. It is the effect of the government they have been under since 1814, that they are precisely in the same condition as were the Protestants of France before the edict of 1787, that is, exposed to a mass of oppressive laws and regulations, which may at every instant be put in force against them. They are excluded from every employment and all public functions, except the profession of soldiers, without the hope of being promoted above the rank of sergeant: they are waiting for liberty of conscience to be restored to them; they live on hope, may they not be deceived!

On the Necessity of abolishing the Punishment of Death, an Essay in Verse, followed by Four Discussions in Prose, in which are examined the Opinions of Mably, J. J. Rousseau, Filangieri and Montesquieu on that Subject. Paris, 1822. Pelicier, Place du Palais Royal. Pamphlet in Svo. Price 3 francs.

The work of M. VALANT, who when. young pleaded this noble cause before the National Convention, is dedicated to one of the most respectable members of that assembly, whose eloquent and courageous voice abandoned neither a virtuous king in misfortune, nor his country bowed down under the weight of a brilliant despotism, to M. LANJUINAIS, whom our liberal and constitutional institutions still reckon amongst their most invariable supports. The motto of the pamphlet contains the principal idea that runs through it: "I dare remind the arbiters of nations," says the author,

"that in all ages innocent persons have been condemned to death." He brings forward the most celebrated and most lamentable proofs of it in his poem. Philosophical reasoning and quotations from history, sometimes damp the ardour and imagination of the poet. In luminous notes he discusses the opinions of Mably, Jean Jacques Rousseau, Filangieri and Montesquieu, immortal writers whom we regret not to see amongst the defenders of a moral truth, so victoriously demonstrated by the learned Beccaria, and in our days by the illustrious Pastoret, the ingenious Roderer, and so many other distinguished writers, M. Valant is worthy to walk in their footsteps: the moment is not, perhaps, far distant when the cause he defends will triumph: the epoch will arrive, when a whole continent, advancing towards a new and superior civilization, under the auspicious instruction of religion and liberty, will expiate the crimes committed formerly in its bosom by the guilty supporters of ignorance, fanaticism and slavery.

SAXONY.-LEIPSIC.

The lectures at our university continue to be much frequented. The number of pupils during the winter season, was 1102, amongst whom 480 were studying divinity; 381 jurisprudence; 163 physic; and 74 philology. On the 1st of December, the total number was increased by 51 pupils. This prosperity is not astonishing to those who know the names of the professors. The celebrity of M. M. Rosenmüller, Hermann, Beck, Weiske, Kruse and Spohn, who preside over the philological studies, would convince us that in every department of science true merit alone has been entrusted with the care of education in this university.

AUSTRIA.

Public Instruction.—Jesuits.—A great number of Jesuits, expelled from Russia, have been allowed to settle in Gallicia, where the direction of the gymnasium of Tacnopol has been entrusted to them. An imperial decree exempts them from the duties im

posed by the laws of amortisation, on condition that they shall declare all their acquisitions to the proper authorities. At the time of the arrival of the Jesuits from Russia, there was at Vienna a provincial of the order, who fixed their ulterior destination, keeping some in the Austrian states, and sending the others to Italy. At the same time, measures were taken in Hungary for their being well received there on their journey. Doubts are still entertained as to their order being entirely re-established in Austria. The Jesuits having obtained a noviciate house at Vienna, would seem, however, to decide the question in the affirmative.

HALLE.

The faculty of theology, assembled under the presidency of its dean, M. Gesenius, a learned man, distinguished by many works, and recently by the publication of an excellent Commentary of the Prophet Isaiah, has awarded the diploma of Doctor of Divinity to Mr. LEE, Hebrew Professor at Cambridge, as a mark of gratitude for the Syriac and Arabic Versions of the Bible which he has made for the Bible Society. The motives for granting the diploma are thus expressed

Propter insignem linguarum orientalium doctrinăm, permultis bibliorum versionibus antiquo nitori restitutis splendide probatam, atque ad propaganda sacra christiana piè adhibi

tam."

GERMAN UNIVERSITIES. Great sensation has been excited in Germany by a work bearing the following title: On the disgraceful Proceedings in German Universities, Gymnasiums, and Lyceums; or History of the Academical Conspiracy against Royalty, Christianity and Property. By K. M. E. Fabricius, Librarian at Bruchsal." This work, of about 200 pages, is dedicated to all the Founders and German Members of the Holy Alliance, their Ministers and Ambassadors to the Diet; and tells them things that make the hair stand on end. Men such as Kant, Fitche, Schelling, Campe, Loffler, Paulus, Krug, and a long et cetera of

names, to the number of 60,000 writers, are here denounced as corrupters and seducers of youth, blasphemers, liars, incendiaries; who have formed, directly and indirectly, an association, by which all thrones are threatened, and from which all the revolutions we have witnessed proceeded. M. Fabricius knows this association; he even prints the oath taken by the members. He proposes to abolish all the Universities, or at least to place them under the most rigid surveillance; for the tutelage under which they now are is very far from satisfying him!

Greek Patriotic Song.

When the Turks penetrated into the Morea, the Greeks of that beautiful country displayed an extraordinary heroism, worthy of ancient Greece. Thousands of young warriors, and even old men, sang with enthusiasm a noble patriotic hymn, composed by a Greek Professor, and set to music by a German musician. This song contributed much to excite the courage of the heroes who destroyed the army of Khourchid. The following strophe is particularly remarkable: "Our war is not that of ambitious conquerors and enemies to humanity, it is a sacred war. Nature and reli

gion impose upon us the duty of driving out our tyrants that we may have à country."

DEATHS ABROAD.

The sciences and arts have to deplore the loss of M. GALIN, inventor of the Méthode du Métoplaste, member of the Philharmonic Society of Amsterdam, &c., who died at Paris, 31st August, 1822. Born at Bourdeaux in 1786, of an obscure family, he owed to himself alone all his instruction. He occupied himself whilst very young in mathematical studies, and was professor of the higher mathematics in the Lyceum of Bourdeaux, then in the institution of the deaf and dumb in the same town. He published, in 1818, his Method of Teaching Music, which is as remarkable for the clearness of the style as for the depth of knowledge which it implies. The method of the Métoplaste has obtained much success in

Holland and at Paris. The pupils M. Galin has formed in that city, do no less honour to his character than to his talents. It will soften the just regrets which the death of their Professor causes them, to know that an extensive work, relative to music, which he has left ready for the press, will soon be brought forward.

Madame de CONDORCET, (see Mon. Repos. XVII. 640,) widow of the illustrious Secretary of the Academy of Sciences, died at Paris, on Sunday, 6th September, 1822. The end of her life has given new proofs of that pure and sublime philosophy with which she was penetrated. Notwithstanding the acute and almost continual pains of her last long malady, the wants and future lot of those she assisted occupied her incessantly; and even when her voice became indistinct, it was the names of these persons which she articulated the best and most frequently. The same sentiment of philanthropy led her to wish for the plainest funeral. This lady, so estimable for the goodness of her heart and the soundness of her understanding, justly cherished and regret ted by all who had the happiness of approaching her, and sharing her affections, had made herself known in the literary world by an elegant translation of the Theory of Moral Sentiments by ADAM SMITH.

BERTHOLLET. The year which is near its termination will be distinguished by the great and numerous losses that have afflicted the learned world. The science of Astronomy has been deprived of D'Alembert and Herschel; the Ecole normale and a great number of eminent Professors are lost to us; the studies of the most celebrated school of medicine in the world are interrupted, and the very existence of that Institution is endangered; Haüy is no more; a few months after his decease, Berthollet follows him to the grave. The last-named calamity is the more afflictive because it was unexpected, the vigorous constitution of

this eminent scholar having lulled his friends into security: although he had arrived at the age of seventy-four, there was no indication that science was about to lose the genius and the labours of one of its most zealous promoters. Berthollet, like D'Alembert, first studied physic, but chemistry soon became more attractive in his eyes, and the path of useful disshall not on this occasion undertake covery was open before him. We to give an account of all that he has done for the science of chemistry; the subject would require leisure for methodical researches and an extended treatise. Suffice it, at present, to mention some of his works: his Elemens de Teinture and his Statique Chimique, will be known and consulted long after the ideas and facts which they contain shall be found in subsequent works, which develope the further advancement of science.

In the article which we shall devote to Berthollet, a man so worthy of our regret, we shall follow him in his peaceful career of science, amidst the revolution in Egypt; we shall recal that glorious epoch when the arms of France had conquered the land of the Pharaohs with its monuments of grandeur; we shall contemplate Berthollet and Monge amongst the ruins of Tyre, enfeebled by disease, but animated by the love of knowledge and of their country, plucking with hands, bereft of their strength, some fragments of the walls and buildings of that ancient city, to subject them to scientific analysis. After having admired the scholar, we shall turn our attention, with varied interest, to the public man; nor will the private individual be less worthy of our regards. The task of the biographer of this good citizen, this sincere and judicious friend of liberty, this professor whose zeal and genius have given the character of demonstration to a science before imperfectly investigated, would be a task affording the liveliest pleasure, did not every line he writes recal to his memory, that death has put an end to the labours he is delighted to trace.

SAMUEL PETT, Esq., M.D.

(See p. 57.)

THE subject of this memoir was born on the 24th of September, in the year 1765, of a respectable family of Protestant Dissenters, at Liskeard, in the county of Cornwall. He received the rudiments of his education at the GrammarSchool of that town. In 1781, and in his 16th year, he entered the Dissenting Academy at Daventry, then under the superintendance of the Rev. Thomas Belsham, the present minister of Essex Street. (Mon. Repos. XVII. 285.) His excellent character shone out in this early period of his life, and some of his most valuable friendships were formed with persons who were his fellow pupils. For his tutor he entertained sentiments of the highest respect and esteem, and for no one of the many gentlemen under his care did the tutor feel a warmer regard. In an affectionate letter, written on occasion of his death, Mr. Belsham says, in reference to his character as a student, "Entering with his whole soul into the innocent gaieties of youth, he was distinguished at all times by the steadiness of his conduct, by his respect for religious principles, and by an ardent thirst after knowledge and ambition of improvement; while, at the same time, the suavity of his temper, and the courtesy of his manners, rendered him the object of universal affection and esteem." On leaving the Academy, he was for some time undecided in the choice of his profession. He entered himself of one of the inns of Court in London, and for a short period turned his attention to the law; but not finding legal studies agreeable to the bent of his mind, he exchanged them for those of medicine. To pursue these to the greatest advantage, he entered in 1789 the University of Edinburgh. Here he passed three sessions: but being called home to England by the private concerns of his family, for one winter, he did not graduate till the year 1793. His Thesis for his degree, printed at Edinburgh, in that year, bears the following title: "Dissertatio Medica Inauguralis de Colica Pictonum. Quam, Annuente Summo Numine, ex Auctoritate Reverendi admodum Viri D. Gulielmi Robertson, S.S.T. P., Academiæ Edinburgenæ Præfecti, necnon Amplissimi Senatus Academici Consensu, et nobilissimæ Facultatis Medica Decreto; pro Gradu Doctoris, summisque in Medicina Honoribus ac Privilegiis rite et legitime

consequendis; Eruditorum examini subjicit Samuel Pett, Anglus. Soc. Med. Edin. Soc. necnon Soc. Nat. Stud. Edin.,Soc.Extr. et nuper Præses annuus. Ad diem 24 Junii, hora locoque solitis." On printing his Dissertation, Dr. Pett dedicated it to his respected tutor and valued friend, Mr. Belsham, in the following appropriate terms: "Reverendo Thomæ Belsham, cum ob Consilia et Præcepta, tum ob Amicitiam, qua perplures annos illum dignatus est, semper colendo; hoc Opusculum, animi gratissimi et devinctissimi testimonium, sacrum voluit Auctor." As a member of the Medical Society of Edinburgh, Dr. Pett contributed a paper on the office of the Membrana Tympani, which is amongst the Society's manuscripts. Before this period he had had the happiness of connecting himself in marriage with Mary Ann, the eldest daughter of Jonathan Eade, Esq., of Stoke Newington, the proprietor of the mansion in that village which was long the seat of the Abneys, and which is still an object of curiosity as the residence, for many years, of the learned and pious Dr. Watts.-Dr. Pett's first settlement in his professional character was at Plymouth, in which place and the neighbourhood he was well known and much esteemed. His success was quite equal to his expectations, and would have been probably such as to attach him to this place for life, had not the party-spirit excited by the war of the French Revolution led him to feel that the metropolis, or its vicinity, was a much more congenial situation for a Protestant Dissenter and a friend of freedom. He removed in 1796, and took up his abode at Clapton. Unambitious in his sentiments and retired in his habits, he contented himself at first with the life of a private gentleman, and would, in all probability, have continued in retirement, had he not been overruled by the importunities of friends to resume his profession. Some medical practitioners of the first eminence, amongst whom were the late Drs. Pitcairn and Saunders, strongly urged him to fix in the metropolis. To this he objected, on the ground of health, and, it may be, from feeling himself unequal to the anxiety and effort required to a successful London practice. He was, besides, increasingly bound to Hackney by several valuable friendships; and here accordingly, in compliance with the wishes of many, he again took up his professional character, in the year 1804; and the event proved that his decision was wisely formed, for his practice soon

became considerable, and it was growing yearly until the time of his decease. This was without any contrivance or scheme of his own, and wholly owing to his character, his talents and his manners. He was averse to the usual, and in most cases necessary measures for advancing his professional career. He was once an unsuccessful, and, the writer suspects, an unwilling candidate for the office of physician to the Charter-House, and he allowed himself to be proposed as a candidate for the same office to the London Hospital, but shrunk back in the midst of his canvass from the toilsome drudgery which such a pursuit imposes, and from which it is strange that some means should not be adopted by the public, or at least by the directors of charitable institutions, to save the members of a profession, whose education and social habits may be expected to train them to delicacy of feeling.Dr. Pett cheerfully accepted and conscientiously fulfiled the duty of Physician to the Refuge for the Destitute in Hackney Road: he was also Physician to the Albion Fire and Life Insurance Office, which appointment he held from the time of the institution of the Society. In the regular and unambitious practice of his profession, Dr. Pett's life was varied by few incidents. His studies of later years were chiefly medical, and few persons in the profession were better acquainted with the history of disease and with the discoveries made in the healing art. His leisure from his increasing medical duties was devoted to general literature and science, and to the enjoyments of social intercourse, in which he took lively plea sure and to which he largely contributed. By a liberal education he had acquired a great mass of general knowledge, and no small share of elegant learning; and by a judicious disposition of his acquirements, appeared competent to the discussion of any subject, whether scientific or literary. He read all new works of merit with avidity, and was rarely seen in his walks or rides without a book in his hand. His diffidence restrained him from employing his pen for the public benefit. His standard of literary excellence was very high, and he seemed to feel that he could not write to his own satisfaction. When urged to publish cases that occurred in his own practice, he was accustomed to disparage his own opinion and to remark that the publication of medical cases had grown into an evil. It is to be regretted that an unjust estimate of his own powers kept him from the exercise of literary composition, since the few specimens of his writing that are given to the public, evince remarkable soundness of judgment,

delicacy of feeling and simplicity and perspicuity of style. The earliest of these, known to the present writer, is a short account of the late Rev. Henry Moore, of Liskeard, [Mon. Repos. XVII. 163,] inserted în Dr. Aikin's elegant memoir of that amiable man, prefixed to "Poems Lyrical and Miscellaneous," in quarto, which Dr. A. edited for the Author, and which appeared as a posthumous publication in 1803. Dr. Pett was connected by his family with the Presbyterian congregation at Liskeard; and Mr. Moore's character and taste were too congenial with his own not to attract his cordial esteem.

It may be here added, that Dr. P. was one of the Trustees of the Meeting-House in that place, and that upon the extinction of the old congregation he consented, with his usual liberality, that the building should be occupied by another denomination, rising into importance, but unprovided with a suitable chapel.-The next occasion on which he employed his pen for the public information, was on the death of Mr. Gilbert Wakefield, for whom as a scholar, a Christian, a patriot and a friend, he felt the highest admiration. In conjunction with other medical men, Dr. Pett attended this truly eminent man in his last illness, and at the instance of his biographer, Mr. Rutt, he contributed a letter containing a well-drawn up and very interesting detail of the malady that deprived the world of so distinguished an ornament. This is inserted in Vol. II. of the Memoirs, pp. 289-295, and will be read with eager, but melancholy interest by the friends of Dr. Pett, as it has long been by those of Mr. Wakefield.-The only fruit of Dr. Pett's pen, besides these, was also produced at the call of friendship, in the case of the late much-lamented Mr. Dewhurst. In a letter to Mr. Rutt, who compiled the account of this distinguished scholar, so prematurely taken away from the world, printed in our VIIth volume, pp. 729-749, Dr. Pett both related with great succinctness the progress of his rapidly-fatal disease, and sketched with great felicity his general character. (Pp. 741-743.) From frequent and familiar intercourse, he knew well the powers of Mr. Dewhurst's mind and the rich acquisitions of knowledge which he had stored up, and no one more deeply and permanently lamented his loss. The readers of this work may remember that it was not long ago proposed to publish a collection of Mr. Dewhurst's papers for the success of this project Dr. Pett was very anxious, and the last letter that he ever wrote, penned after the insidious disease that terminated his valuable life was at work, contained a reference to the favourite