UNIVERSITY OF. CALIFORNIA. THE STAGE AS IT WAS ONCE.* LET us think for a while upon what the Stage was once, in a republic of the past-what it may be again, I sometimes dream, in some republic of the future. In order to do this, let me take you back in fancy some 2314 years-440 years before the Christian era, and try to sketch for you-alas! how clumsily-a great, though tiny people, in one of their greatest moments-in one of the greatest moments, it may be, of the human race. For surely it is a great and a rare moment for humanity, when all that is loftiest in it-when reverence for the Unseen powers, reverence for the heroic dead, reverence for the fatherland, and that reverence, too, for self, which is expressed in stateliness and selfrestraint, in grace and courtesy; when all these, I say, can lend themselves, even for a day, to the richest enjoyment of life—to the enjoyment of beauty *This Lecture was given at Harrow in 1873, and in America in 1874. B 2 in form and sound, and of relaxation, not brutalising, but ennobling. Rare, alas! have such seasons been in the history of poor humanity. But when they have come, they have lifted it up one stage higher thenceforth. Men, having been such once, may become such again; and the work which such times have left behind them becomes immortal. A thing of beauty is a joy for ever. Let me take you to the then still unfurnished theatre of Athens, hewn out of the limestone rock on the south-east slope of the Acropolis. Above are the new marble buildings of the Parthenon, rich with the statues and bas-reliefs of Phidias and his scholars, gleaming white against the blue sky, with the huge bronze statue of Athené Promachos, fifty feet in height, towering up among the temples and colonnades. In front, and far below, gleams the blue sea, and Salamis beyond. And there are gathered the people of Athens-fifty thousand of them, possibly, when the theatre was complete and full. If it be fine, they all wear garlands on their heads. If the sun be too hot, they wear wide-brimmed straw hats. And And if a storm comes on, they will take refuge in the porticoes beneath; not without wine and cakes, for what they have come to see will last for many an hour, and they intend to feast their eyes and ears from sunrise to sunset. On the highest seats are slaves and freedmen, below them the free citizens; and on the lowest seats of all are |