II. INTERNATIONAL ESTIMATE OF NATIONAL SYSTEMS, 241-256 I. FRENCH VIEW OF THE GERMAN UNIVERSITY, UNIVERSITY ORGANIZATION-INSTRUCTORS-COST, LIBERTY OF INSTRUCTION-FORM, PLACE, AND METHODS, II. ENGLISH VIEW OF GERMAN SCIENCE CULTURE, BONN-BERLIN-GÖTTINGEN-FREIBERG-LEIPSIC, MUNICH ZURICH-CARLSRUHE-HEIDELBERG, III. SPECIAL TRAINING SCHOOLS FOR TRADES, II. REMARKS OF WENDELL PHILLIPS-DR. HALE, IV. AMERICAN SCHOOLS AS THEY WERE PRIOR TO 1800, I. REMINISCENCES OF FEMALE EDUCATION_BY SENEX, II. COLLEGE LIFE AT DARTMOUTH UNDER PRES. WHEELOCK, III. SCHOOLS IN DOVER, N. H., IN 1792, DR. BELKNAP, IV. SCHOOLS AND TEACHERS OF DANIEL WEBSTER, V. EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS & INSTITUTIONS about 1830, SCHOOLS-ACADEMIES-COLLEGES SEMINARIES, MASSACHUSETTS-RHODE ISLAND-CONNECTICUT, NEW YORK-NEW JERSEY-PENNSYLVANIA, MARYLAND-DELAWARE DIST. OF COLUMBIA-VIRGINIA, NORTH CAROLINA-SOUTH CAROLINA-GEORGIA, FLORIDA-LOUISIANA-TENNESSEE-KENTUCKY, OHIO-INDIANA-MICHIGAN TERRITORY, GENERAL RESULTS FOR THE WHOLE COUNTRY, VI. SPANISH PEDAGOGY, Continued, LUDOVICUS VIVES-MEMOIR AND VIEWS, PROGRESSIVE DEVELOPMENT OF IMPROVEMENTS, I. PLANS FOR RURAL AND VILLAGE SCHOOLS, VIII. MILITARY SCHOOLS AND EDUCATION, I. MILITARY SCHOOLS AND INSTRUCTION IN ENGLAND, STAFF COLLEGE-MILITARY ACADEMY-MILITARY COLLEGE, PROMOTION-SPECIAL MERIT-COMPETITION—SENIORITY, IX. STUDIES AND CONDUCT. Second Series, I. LITERATURE AS A PROFESSION. By James A. Hillhouse, II. BONIFACIUS, OR ESSAYS TO DO GOOD. By Cotton Mather, HOW EVERY MAN MAY DO GOOD TO SOMEBODY, PARENTS-MINISTERS-LAWYERS-SCHOOL-MASTERS, LAST WILL-BEQUEST TO BOSTON AND PHILADELPHIA, SCHOOL MEDAL FUND-YOUNG MARRIED MECHANICS' FUND, WASHINGTON'S SWORD AND FRANKLIN'S STAFF, I. AMERICAN EDUCATIONAL BIOGRAPHY, MEMOIR-PUBLICATIONS-KINGS COLLEGE, DEAN BERKELEY AND YALE SCHOLARSHIP-DR. FRANKLIN, MEMOIR-THE ACADEMY AND COLLEGE OF PHILADELPHIA, PLAN OF THE COLLEGE OF MIRANIA, ACADEMY AND COLLEGE AT PHILADELPHIA, COLLECTIONS IN ENGLAND FOR THE COLLEGE, IV. STUDIES AND CONDUCT, Second Series, 1. THOMAS JEFFERSON-ADVICE TO YOUNG MEN, II. WILLIAM GASTON-PUBLIC LIFE, V. BENJAMIN THOMPSON-COUNT RUMFORD, EXPERIENCE AS A TEACHER-MARRIAGE, COL. BENJAMIN THOMPSON-UNDER-COLONIAL SECRETARY, SIR BENJAMIN THOMPSON-CONTINENTAL LIFE, COUNT RUMFORD-MINISTER OF THE INTERIOR AT MUNICH, MILITARY SCHOOL-REORGANIZATION OF ARMY, MODE OF DEALING WITH MENDICANCY AND THE POOR, ROYAL INSTITUTION-SCIENCE AND THE ARTS-GREAT BRITAIN, RUMFORD PROFESSORSHIP AT HARVARD COLLEGE, VI. STEPHEN GIRARD AND HIS WILL, MEMOIR-MARINER-MERCHANT-BANKER, LAST WILL-LEGAL ADJUDICATION, JUSTICE STORY-DECISION OF SUPREME COURT, VII. SMITH COLLEGE FÓR FEMALES AND ITS FOUNDER, L. MISS SOPHIA SMITH, HATFIELD, Mass., IX. AMERICAN STUDENTS AT FOREIGN UNIVERSITIES, - 625–688 L PRINCETON Graduate at GÖTTENGEN AND BERLIN, GERMAN UNIVERSITY TOWN-STUDENT DOMESTIC LIFE, MATRICULATION-FEES-LECTURES-LEGITIMATION, SELECTION OF LECTURES-GERMAN LECTURE SYSTEM, II. HARVARD VALEDICTORIAN AT CAMBRIDGE, A DAY WITH A PENSIONER OF TRINITY COLLEGE, DINNER-TRINITY STREET-CHAPELS-PROCTORIZING, ATHLETIC SPORTS-CRICKET-ROWING-BOAT RACING, II. VAN DER PALM-SCHOOL REFORM IN HOLLAND, III. SCHOOLS AS THEY WERE IN R. I. Tenth Article, I. JONATHAN EDWARDS-RESOLUTIONS FOR A HOLY LIFE, THE COLLEGE IN ATHENS, SUPPLEMENT TO VOLUME II. December, 1877. 4. PRESENT CONSTITUTION AND CONDITION OF UNIVERSITY, GOVERNMENT-OFFICERS-PROFESSORS-TUTORS, REESE LIBRARY CE THE UNIVERSITY HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF EDUCATION. MISSIONS AND SCHOOLS FOR THE INDIANS. EFFORTS TO CIVILIZE AND CHRISTIANIZE THE INDIAN TRIBES. Before submitting some considerations on the purely instructional work which has been attempted with the children and youth of the Indian tribes now within the limits of the United States, we will note in the briefest possible manner the efforts put forth by societies and individuals under the auspices, more or less direct, of the governments, either of the mother country or of the colonies that exercised sovereign authority over the territory, to change the social condition and religious opinions and practices of these tribes. Any notice, however brief, would be grossly imperfect which did not mention the earliest missions of the Catholic church under the encouragement or express directions of the Spanish and French governments, although these missions were commenced and their directing authorities resided beyond our territorial limits and jurisdiction. The annals of Christianity will be searched in vain for more touching instances of religious obedience, of utter self-negation, of heroic endurance of pain and privation, and sublime devotion to duty, than the history of these missions presents. SPANISH MISSIONS. All the expeditions of discovery and settlement which left Spain after the genius of Columbus had given a new world to Ferdinand and Isabella, were accompanied by clergymen of the Catholic church, usually acting with the strength of some religious association. One of the first, if not the first body of missionaries, consisted of three Dominican friars who landed on the island of Hispaniola in 1510; they were followed in 1516 by a delegation of Jeronimites, who proceeded to Mexico, and, under instructions from Ximenes, organized their mission house, so as to employ an Indian, trained for this purpose, as sacristan, "who was to teach the children of the Caciques and principal men, and also to endeavor to make the adults speak Spanish." They were soon succeeded by twelve Franciscans, who had a convent at Huexot zinco in 1524. We will not follow the history of these Mexican missions, of which interesting details will be found in the original authorities given at the close of this chapter, and out of which the Spanish missions within the present limits of the United States sprang. The earliest Spanish mission, within the present limits of the United States, was attempted in Florida, in 1528, by a number of Franciscans, under the direction of Father John Juarez, who accompanied the expedition of Narvaez, projected in 1526 for the conquest of that peninsula. This attempt failed, and another scarcely more successful effort was made by Father Olmos, of the same order, in 1544, and by Father LouisCancer, a Dominican, in 1547, under the sanction of the sovereign, Philip II, who at the same time issued a royal decree restoring to freedom every native of Florida held in bondage. Both of these leaders were men of the highest culture, and indomitable zeal. The first, Father Olmos, came to Mexico in 1528, with Bishop Zumarraga, and soon mastered the language of the Mexican, Totonac, Tepeguan, and Guasteca Indians; in each of which languages he composed a grammar, vocabulary, catechism, and instructions on the sacraments The latter, Father Cancer, lost his life seeking in an unarmed vessel, and with an unarmed company, to plant the standard of Christianity among the natives of Florida. Other attempts were made in 1553 and 1559, by members of the same order, one of whom, Father Peter Martinez de Feria, prior and procurator of the Mexican mission, composed a grammar in the Indian language, for the use of the converts and teachers. A more successful mission was projected in 1562, consisting of eleven Franciscans, one father of the order of mercy, a secular priest, and eight Jesuits; a portion of whom were engaged in their labors at St. Augustine, in 1566. Two of the Jesuit fathers mastered the language by the help of natives found in Havana, where they composed a vocabulary, and commenced a school for Florida children. In this mission the Jesuits took the lead, Florida having been made a vice-province of the order, with Father John Baptist Segura as viceprovincial, and several fathers and brothers as colaborers; but at the close of 1568 they had met with so little success among the tribes of Florida and the regions north, which is now known as Georgia and Carolina, that they were about to report the mission a failure, when Pope Pius V, and the head of the order, Francis Borgia, came to their *For the few facts presented in the following notices of the Spanish and French missions, the writer is indebted, mainly to Shea's History of Catholic Missions Among the Indian Tribes of the United States," (New York, 1855,) and to the authorities cited therein, and to Parkman's "The Jesuits in North America," (Boston, 1867.) |