afterwards remarkably the case with her pupils in America. Her little republic was completely governed by a system of equitable laws. On every alleged offence, a court-martial, as they termed it, was held, and the accused tried by her peers. There were no arbitrary punishments, no sallies of capricious passion. The laws were promulgated, and obedience was indispensable. The sentences of the courts-martial were always approved, and had a salutary effect. In short, there was a combination of authority, decision, and tenderness, in Mrs. Graham's government, that rendered its subjects industrious, intelligent, circumspect, and happy. She enjoyed their happiness; and, in cases of sickness, she watched her patients with unremitting solicitude and care, sparing no expense to promote their restoration to health.

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A strong trait in her character was distinctly marked, by her practice of educating the daughters of pious ministers at half price. This was setting an example worthy of imitation. It was a conduct conformable to scriptural precept. If," said the apostle Paul, we have sown unto you spiritual things, is it a great thing if we shall reap your carnal things? Do ye not know that they which minister about holy things, live of the things of the temple? Even so hath the Lord ordained that they which preach the Gospel, should live by the Gospel."

Always conscientious in obeying the commandments of her God, she observed them in this matter, giving, in her proportion at least, the widow's mite.

By another plan (for she was ingenious in contrivances to do good) she greatly assisted those in slender circumstances, especially such as were of the household of faith. Believing that the use of sums of ten, fifteen, or twenty pounds in hand, would be serviceable, by way of capital,

to persons in a moderate business, she was in the habit of making such advances, and taking back the value in articles which they had for sale. She charged no interest, being amply repaid in the luxury of her own feelings, when she beheld the benefit it produced to her humble friends. The board of her pupils being paid in advance, she was enabled to adopt this plan with more facility. Were her spirit more prevalent in the world, what good might be done! The heart would be expanded, reciprocal confidence and affection cherished; and, instead of beholding worms of the dust fighting for particles of yellow sand, we should behold a company of affectionate brethren, leaning upon, and assisting each other, through the wilderness of this world. "Look not every man on his own things," said Paul; "but every man also on the things of others. Bear ye one another's burdens, and so fulfil the law of Christ."

On the subject of promoting the external accomplishments of her scholars, it became a question of importance how far Mrs. Graham was to countenance them in their attendance on public balls-to what length it was proper for her to go, so as to meet the received opinions of the world in these concerns. She consulted with her pious friends, and wrote to Lady Glenorchy on the subject. Her ladyship's letter in reply is so excellent, that it is given at full length with Mrs. Graham's letters; and will, consequently, be found in this publication. In after-life, Mrs. Graham was of opinion, that she and her scholars had gone too far in conformity with the opinions and manners of the world. A reference to this deviation, from what she considered a close Christian walk in life, will be frequently found in her subsequent exercises: the tenderness of her own conscience, however, often made her

speak of her departure from a strictly religious course, with more severity than it really deserved, considering the delicacy of her situation, as an instructress of children, whose parents, probably, were averse from restraining their children so much, in the style of their education, as might have suited Mrs. Graham's views of a Christian's circumspection, and abstraction from worldly amusements and pursuits.

Lady Glenorchy, being in a delicate state of health, made frequent use of Mrs. Graham as her almoner to the poor. On one of these visits, Mrs. Graham called on a poor woman, with a present of a new gown. 'I am obliged to you and her ladyship for your kindness,' said the poor woman, rich in faith; but I maun gang to the right airth first, ye wad na hae come, gin ye had na been sent; the Lord hath left me lately wi but ae goon for week day and Sabbath, but now he has sent you wi a Sabbath-day's goon:' meaning, in plain English, that her thankfulness was first due to the God of providence, who had put it into the hearts of his children to supply the wants of this poor disciple.

Mrs. Graham used to repeat, with pleasure, an anecdote of her friends, Mr. and Mrs. Douglas. Mr. Douglas was a tallow-chandler, and furnished candles for Lady Glenorchy's chapel. The excise tax was very high on those articles, and many persons of the trade were accustomed to defraud the revenue by one stratagem or another. Religious principle would not permit Mr. Douglas to do so. Mrs. Graham, one evening, was remarking how handsomely the chapel was lighted; 'Ay, Mrs. Graham,' said Mrs. Douglas, and it is all pure-the light is all pure, it burns bright.' It would be well if Christians of every trade and profession were to act in like manner; that the mer

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chant should have no hand in unlawfully secreting property, or encouraging perjury to accumulate gains; that the man of great wealth should have neither usury, nor the shedding of blood by privateering, to corrode his treasures; that all should observe a just weight and a just measure in their dealings, as in the presence of God. Let every Christian seek after the consolation of Mrs. Douglas, that the light which refreshes him may be pure.

It being stated as matter of regret, that poor people, when sick, suffered greatly, although while in health their daily labour supported them, Mrs. Graham suggested the idea of every poor person in the neighbourhood laying aside one penny a week, to form a fund for relieving the contributors when in sickness. Mr. Douglas undertook the formation of such an institution. It went for a long time under the name of 'The Penny Society.' It afterwards received a more liberal patronage, has now a handsome capital, and is called The Society for the Relief of the Destitute Sick.'

In July 1786, Mrs. Graham attended the dying bed of her friend and patroness, Lady Glenorchy: this lady had shown her friendship, in a variety of ways, during her valuable life: she had one of Mrs. Graham's daughters for some time in her family; condescended herself to instruct her, and sent her for a year to a French boarding school in Rotterdam; she defrayed all her expenses while there, and furnished her with a liberal supply of pocketmoney, that she might not see distress without the power of relieving it. So much does a person's conduct in maturer years depend upon the habits of early life, that it is wise to accustom young people to feel for, and contribute, in their degree, to the relief of the afflicted and the needy.

Lady Glenorchy was a person in whom was eminently displayed the power of religion. Descended from an ancient family, married to the eldest son of the Earl of Breadalbane, beautiful and accomplished, she was received into the first circles of society. With her husband she made the tour of Europe, visiting the several courts on that continent. Yet all these things she "counted but loss for the excellency of the knowledge of Christ Jesus her Lord." She became a widow while yet in the bloom of youth. She devoted herself to the service of the Lord, and was made singularly useful. She kept a regular account of her income, and of the different objects to which it was applied. She built and supported several chapels in England; and erected one in Edinburgh, in which pious ministers of different denominations should be admitted to preach.

She also built a manufactory for the employment of the poor, where the education of children was strictly attended to even the porters' lodges on each side of her gate were occupied as schools for the neighbouring poor. Her pleasure grounds were thrown open for the accommodation of the numbers who usually come from a distance, to attend a communion season in Scotland. In a year of scarcity, the same grounds were planted with potatoes for the supply of the poor. She distributed with great judgment various sums of money in aid of families who were poor, yet deserving. She never encouraged idleness or pride, and often remarked, that it was better to assist people to do well in the sphere which Providence had assigned them, than to attempt to raise them beyond it. There was so much wisdom in the active application of her charities, as to render them both efficient and extensive. She seldom was seen in these works of bene