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How will

the course of many ages.
you repair the evils you have occa-
fioned? What a terrible lesson for fu-
ture generations." vol. iv p. 284.

system of indifference and contempt,
which some people have so absurdly
decorated with the name of toleration.
"The word toleration, as it relates
to religion, cannot have the injurious
acceptation which is given to it, when
it is employed with reference to the
abuses which we might be tempted to
proscribe, and which we consent to
pass over in silence.

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Religious toleration is a duty, a virtue, which man owes to man; considered as a public right, it is the respect of the government to the conscience of citizens, and the objects of their veneration and their faith. This respect ought not to be illusory. It would, however, be of this kind, if in the exercise of it, it produced no useful or consoling effect." p. 44-46.

Towards the close the orator says, "As to doctrines, the state has no right to interfere with them, provided that no inferences are drawn from them dangerous to the tranquillity of the state and philosophy itself has no right to discuss the faith of men, upon points involved in the mysterious relations between God and man, and thus far removed from the sphere of human intellect. The grand consideration is, that the laws of morality should be observed; and, in detaching men from the doctrines on which they found their confidence and their faith, we should only succeed in weakening their motives to virtue." p. 64.

LXXII. SOULAVIE'S MEMOIRS OF
THE REIGN OF LEWIS XVI.

(Concluded from page 197 of our last.)
HAT part of these memoirs at

a description of the character of
Necker by the Marquis de Bouillé,
who defends that minister against the
accusation of sedition and conspiracy;
yet declares him to be the author of
the misfortunes of France, which he
attributes to the imprudence of his
measures, to the insufficiency of his
knowledge, and to the application of
philosophical principles to politics.

"As to you, modern philosophers," says the Marquis, "your disastrous doctrines have caused more blood to be spilt in a few years than the barbarous policy, the ignorance and fanaticism of our ancestors have done in

We now proceed to the conclusion of the fifth epoch, or the liberty of America acknowledged in Europe at the peace of 1783, with the history of the conduct of the House of Austria towards France during the English war.

The remainder of the fourth volume consists of eight chapters, in which the proceedings of Austria are distinctly detailed, the history and character of Thugut is particularly noticed, as well as the changes of the ministry in the British Court prior to the peace of 1783. The last chapter contains an account of the progress of the human understanding in literature, arts, and sciences under the Reign of Lewis XVI.

Vol. V. The etchings to this volume represent De Juigne, Archbishop of Paris; Mirabeau (Viscount); Cazalès; Malouet; Dulau, Archbishop of Arles; Boisgelin, Archbishop of Aix; Cicé, Archbishop of Bourdeaux; D'Antraignes; Montlozier; D'Or messon; Cardinal de la Rochefoucault; Brissot; Condorcet; Servan; Rolland; Claviere; and Guadet.

This volume consists of fifteen chapters, and an appendix containing political papers relating to the events noticed in the course of the volume. The first five chapters describe the political state of France at the close of the year 1786, in its relative situation with other powers, particularly the intrigues and conduct of Austria and her party in the French court.

The sixth chapter describes the terror of the clergy on account of the prevalence of the new philosophy,

ed by them to the king, which complains of the liberty the protestants experienced, and prays for a restriction of their advantages, to which the author has added notes made by the king in the margin, expressive of his disposition to let them remain in possession of their privileges.

The subsequent chapters are taken up with a representation of the influence which the British Cabinet is supposed, by the author, to have upon the circumstances of France, and particularly a full account of the proceedings at Geneva, and the interference of France in that revolution.

Vol. VI. Presents us with etchings of Gensonné, Vergniaux, Péthion, Fauchet, Gorsas, Rabaut-St.-Etienne, D'Orleans (Egalité), Danton, Marat, Camille-des-Mouslins, Cloots, Chaumette, Chabot, Fauquet-Tinville, Carrier, Vadier, Couthon, and Robespierre.

This volume introduces the sixth epoch, or the birth of the dauphin, to the death of M. de Maurepas, and the influence of the queen in the af. fairs of state.

In this division of the memoirs are sixteen chapters, in the first of which we have three historical periods of the life of Maria Antoinetta, considered as dauphiness; as queen of France prior to the birth of the dauphin; as mother of the heir apparent, and the object of hatred to the partizans of the French revolution, from the 14th of July, 1789. It also enumerates the different factions against her, her struggle for power and her imprudence. From this chapter we present our readers with the following

extracts.

"Instead of the ceremonial of the queens of France, which was strict, though not despotic, she substituted the familiar manners of a citizen's family, that she might abandon herself to a free and dissipated life; and she would even take an airing or pay visits, accompanied by one or two ladies of her choice, rather than those appointed by the state to attend her. She would without ceremony dine with the princes, go out at all hours, even in the evening, to walk in the park, and would diligently and publicly elude her husband's search after her, by sleeping out of her own chamber, in contempt of the established rules prescribed to the two apartments. An ecclesiastic, respectable for his age, bis virtues, and his reputation in a branch of the healing art, being sent for by her, found her stretched at her length in a bath: the old man drew back; but she called him to her, questioned him, and he was compelled to remain in a situation, where he might admire the most perfect frame that nature had ever formed. It was in this attitude that she had her picture drawn, with so little regard to decency that the public, shocked at the indelicacy of the painting, obliged the government to remove it from the exhibition."

Madam de Noailles, lady of ho

nour to the queen, easily foreseeing that her mistress, who had already so many enemies at court, would lose all respect and credit by continuing a conduct of this nature, attempted to reason with her, and repeatedly set before her view observations and examples taken from history. These remonstrances irritated the princess, who fancied she made herself interesting, and, as a proof of her wit, she gave to her adviser the nickname of Madame Etiquette. This appellation, which was in fact dishonourable to the queen and honourable to Madame de Noailles, remained with her; and very shortly, the post of lady of honour being no longer tenable, Madame de Noailles resigned, and left it to ladies of less rigid principles." p.8,9.

The inconsiderate conduct of the queen is evinced in the following

anecdote.

"The famous horse races, and bets of the princes, are fresh in the memory of every one. The queen on her side also engaged in scenes of this kind, and commanded a jack-ass race. The populace of Paris, accustomed to the sight of the queen only when surrounded with all the pomp of grandeur, hastened in crowds to see her mounted on an ass. One day happening to slip off, she thought that she displayed on the occasion much ready wit, and made an observation that would ever be memorable, when she said, Go and fetch Madame de No'ailles: she will inform us what the laws of etiquette demand when the 'Queen of France does not know how to sit on her jack-ass'." p. 12.

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Several subsequent chapters continue a detail of the queen's conduct and influence, and the characters of her favourites: particular notice is taken of the injury which the manufactory of Lyons sustained by the preference the queen gave in her dress to the manufactures of Germany, her purchase of St. Cloud, and the looseness of her morals in her nocturnal walks on the Terrace and the revels of Trianon. Notice is taken of the influence of impostors and empirics upon the minds of many persons at Paris, which introduces the story of the diamond necklace, from the account which contains the correspondence of M. De Lamothe. We give the following history of the transaction, taken from the Journal of the Debates.

"The year 1785, the 15th of August, the Cardinal de Rohan was arrested at Versailles.

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quality, named the Countess de Lamothe, who brought me a letter from the queen; and I thought I' "Bohmer, jeweller to the crown, was obliging her majesty by taking had presented to the queen a dia- the charge of this commission." mond necklace of exquisite, beauty,' Here the queen interrupted him. which he valued at 1600,000 livres; How could you think, sir, that I the queen not chusing it, the jew- 'should have chosen you, to whom I eller was endeavouring to find a pur- have not spoken these eight years, to chaser in a foreign country, when 'negociate such an affair, and that by alady, who called Herself the Countess means of such a woman?'-"I plainly de Lamothe Valois, went to his house, 'perceive,' replied the cardinal, that and told him, that the queen had I have been cruelly deceived; the changed her mind; that she would' ' desire I had of pleasing her majesty have the necklace, for which he 'fascinated my senses: saw no deshould be paid at stated periods; ception in it, and I am sorry for it.'— but that she required that the transac- But sir,' rejoined the king, presenttion should be kept very secret: at ing him a copy of his letter to Bohmer, the same time she shewed him a pre- did you write a letter like this '➡ tended letter from the queen. Boh- The cardinal, after casting his eye over mer, not thinking these assurances it, I do not recollect to have written sufficient, required saine more solid it.'-' And if the original letter were proof. Madame de Lamothe then 'shewn you, signed by yourself?'-“If promised to send him one of the first "the letter be signed, it is true.'— men at court to terminate the agree-Explain to me what is meant by all ment, which she certainly did, since Cardinal Rohan went to Bohmer's house, and concluded the arrangement for fourteen hundred thousand livres.*

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this business with Bohmer, these promises, and these notes.' The cardinal visibly turned pale, and leaning against the table, said: 'Sire, Į am too much affected to be able to "The necklace was delivered to answer your majesty.'- Recover Madame de Lamothe, on her present-yourself, sir; and if our presence ing pretended notes from the queen, 'embarrass you, go into the adjoinpayable at stated periods; the first ing cabinet: there you will find pen, was for four hundred thousand livres, ink, and paper, and write what you and became due on the first day of have to say in your justification." August. The cardinal having neglected to pay at the expiration of this term, Bohmer complained of it to a person belonging to the queen's household. He produced his proofs, among others a letter written by the cardinal himself, in which he tells Bohmer that the necklace had been delivered. So extraordinary a scheme appeared inconceivable to the queen, who was ten days in arranging and assembling the proofs, before she mentioned it to the king.

"The 15th of August, the cardinal being arrived at Versailles to fulfil his function of grand almoner, was sent for at midnight into the king's cabinet, where he also found the queen. As soon as he entered, the king said, You have purchased some diamonds of Bohmer? Yes, sire.' What have you done with them?' I thought they had been delivered to the queen. Who employed you in this commission? A lady of

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* About £. 58,333.

"The cardinal withdrew into the cabinet, and about a quarter of an hour afterwards presented what he had written to the king. It consisted of a few lines as enigmatical and confused as what he had spoken. The king then said, Withdraw, sir; and

let the Duke of Villeroi have im'mediate notice.' The cardinal instantly quitted the cabinet with the Baron Bretueil, and was arrested by the Duke of Villeroi, captain of the body guards, who gave him into the custody of the Count d'Agont, adjutant major, who conducted his prisoner to the Bastile.

"Madame de Lamothe was arrested at Bar-sur-Aube, at her husband's seat, who was already gone to England. At first she denied any knowledge of the affair for which she was arrested, and asserted that they would gain much more light on the subject from Cagliostro, at whose house she had lived in the street Saint Cloude. The latter was arrested at the very moment of his departure for Lyons,

whither he was going to establish an Egyptian lodge. This famous empiric, who boasted very seriously of having been present at the marriage of Cana in Gallilee, had acquired such power over the cardinal's mind, that he actually persuaded him at different times that he was supping with Voltaire, Montesquieu, &c. The day be fore his being arrested, Cagliostro had permitted him to sup with Henry IV. "The king in the following September sent letters patent to the parliament, acquainting them with the affair. These letters breathed the greatest degree of displeasure. They began thus; The king, penetrated with the utmosst indignation at observing the means which, from the 'cardinal's own confession, have been employed to criminate our dear and honourable spouse and compa

⚫nion.'

"The trial took place in the beginning of the year 1786. The cardinal was honourably acquitted, and was released from the Bastile the first of May; but it was only to go into banishment at his abbey of ChaiseDieu. Madame de Lamothe was Scourged, and branded with a hot iron, the 21st of June, the same day that the king set out on his journey to Cherbourg. Cagliostro was banished from France; and as to the necklace, it had been divided into many portions, and sold, partly in England, and partly in Holland.

"There were many other persons concerned in this trial, the principal of whom was Madame Oliva, who resembled the queen both in gait and height, and who played the chief part on the Terrace of Versailles. Madame de Lamothe wishing to prove to the cardinal that the necklace had been safely delivered, told him that the queen would give him a token of her being satisfied. They went together to the Terrace at eight o'clock; the pretended queen passed immedi ately after, and gave a rose to the cardinal, which be received with all the satisfaction imaginable." p.77—81.

The remaining chapters of this epoch contain a view of the republic of letters, and the interior disputes with which it was agitated prior to the revolution; the disputes and factions which existed among the clergy of, France; and concludes with a picture of the dissolute morals of the court and people of France.

The seventh epoch consists of fourteen chapters, and contains the administration of M. de Calonne, and the first assembly of the Notables.

During the administration of M. de Calonne, a secret deficit of a hundred millions is announced, which causes universal discontent; the assembly of the Notables and Parliaments are assembled; the clergy present their last remonstrances to Lewis XVI; the obnoxious ministers are removed, and M. Necker is recalled, upon which the people express their satisfaction by illuminations &c., which proving disagreeable to the king, the military are ordered out, and commit many excesses; a description of some of the characters belonging to the court, and an account of the influence of Dr. Mesiner's tenets and increase of his disciples, close this period.

Eighth epoch, the second adminis tration of Mr. Necker, or fall of the French monarchy. During this period the different acts which hasten the revolution are particularly noticed in eight chapters.

The ninth epoch describes the parfies of, and transactions connected with, the ephemeral establishment of the constitutional monarchy of 1789, comprising six chapters.

The tenth epoch, or the French republic and the death of Lewis, containing six chapters, which detail an account of the establishment and the circumstances leading to, and immediately connected with, the death of Lewis XVI.

In this work many conversations are inserted of a political nature, and several analytical tables, one exhibiting at one view the increased opposition to Mr. Necker's plan of f

ance; another, shewing the mechanism of the ancient government of France, and three others, presenting to the reader a methodical view of the revolution to the consulate.

LXXIII. THE DETECTOR OFQUACKERY; or, Analyser of Medical, Philosophical, Political, Dramatic, and Literary Imposture. Comprehending a Sketch of the Manners of the Age. By JOHN CORRY, Author of "A Satirical View of London," &c. Second Edition.

S nearly one half this pocket voJume is devoted to "Medical Empiricism," that subject claims our

principal attendance; and here, Doctors Solomon and Brodum very properly occupy very conspicuous situations; but with what propriety Mr. Perkins is added, who was the son of a physician, and received a regular education, we leave to the judgment of our readers: the farce related, p. 44, in which Farmer Wilkinson was prin cipal performer, tends equally to ridicule the profession of medicine, as that of quackery. Few will respect the judgment of a man, who when ill refused to take medicine, because a poet happened wittily to say, God never made his work for man to mend.' The concluding reflections on temperance, however, are certainly just and unexceptionable, though most of them quotations from Armstrong, Addison, and Hoffman.

In his second part the Author reviews what he calls Philosophical Quackery, in which we are sorry to see the names of Rumford, Beddoes, Colquhoun, and some other benefactors of man, whom we consider as deservedly high in public estimation: here, however, the Author intermixes reflections of a moral and religious tendency.

Mr. Corry next presents us with a "Sketch of Modern Manners," from which we shall transcribe an extract as a specimen of his favourite talent Satire; in which our wit indulges himself at the expence of the worthy citizens of London.

"While the citizen beholds men of various nations throng to London, his estimation of himself, and his contempt of the adventurers who come to partake of his bounty, are both raised to the highest pitch. On the other hand, the ingenious and the knavish who assemble here, are attracted by the fame of the metropolis, and consider the natives as a dull, plodding, mercantile race, who are incapable of generous sentiments, and must be duped by a variety of artifices.

"Their wives and daughters often visit the theatres, where they make a rapid progress in refinement. Wonder ful, indeed, must be the improvement of our youthful females who frequent those elegant temples of the Graces, where nonsense is too often substituted for wit, and pantomime for tragedy. Yet these are the places where our gay young women obtain refined sentiments, still further cherished by the VOL. I.

frippery of novels and romances, the perusal of which confines the mind to girlish attainments, ferments impure desires, and inflates female pride.

"One characteristic of the wives and daughters of the citizens is, the freedom with which they analyse the actions of their neighbours. They libe rally censure each other, not from any gratification which they receive from satire, but purely for mutual edification. This love of scandal, which so generally prevails among the natives of London, is cherished by their circumscribed situation: great minds like theirs, unwilling to remain inactive, must have some interesting object to contemplate and expatiate on.

"In this point of view, every teatable conversation may be considered as a lecture of moral philosophy, where the auditors are instructed in the best mode of tracing the defects of others.

"With respect to the modish part of the pedestrians of both sexes, they appear as much under the influence of frivolity as ever. Their ablutions at Brighton and Margate during the summer, has prepared them for the resumption of their hyemal pursuits; such as theatricals, masquerades, gaming, and intrigue.

"The beaux, indeed, are not altogether so effeminate as they appeared last winter. The trowsers are not so complete an imitation of the loose drapery of the petticoat as formerly; nor are their collars stuffed so full as to give the appearance of a crick. They have not, however, divested themselves of that ridiculous severity of look, which they assume in order to appear men of spirit and consequence; or that conceited air, which seems to say, 'I'm a very elegant young fellow, an't I?

But the ladies, notwithstanding the return of peace, seem determined to continue hostilities against the other sex, and have actually opened the campaign in a manner which does honour to their spirit, though it leads us to question their prudence. For instance, they wage war like the ancient Gauls, exposing themselves, almost naked, to the rigour of a wintry atmosphere. They also paint, probably in imitation of the savage nations, who stain their bodies with dif ferent colours, in order to terrify the enemy. This mode of defence has a very different effect among us, for it M m

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