from one original source. The most rational system of the origin of speech accords with the scriptural account of Moses. On this subject the author writes: "How the original societies of men could have been formed without the aid of language, or language invented without society, are points which the disquisitions of these writers, however ingenious, are far from enabling us to settle. The only rational and satisfactory method of solving the difficulty is to refer the origin of speech to the great Creator himself. Not that it is necessary to suppose, that he inspired the first parents of mankind with any particular original or primitive language; but that he made them fully sensible of the power with which they were endued of forming articulate sounds, gave them an impulse to exert it, and left the arbitrary imposition of 'words to their own choice. Their ingenuity was left to itself to multiply names, as new objects occurred to their observation; and thus language was gradually advanced in process of time to the different degrees of copiousness and refinement, which it has reached among various nations. "This theory is conformable to the description given in the Sacred Writings, and agrees very remarkably with the opinions to be collected from prophane history. Plato maintains that the original language of man was of divine formation; and when he divides words into two classes, the primitiv, and the derivative, he attributes the latter to the ingenuity of man, and the former to the immediate communication of the Supreme Being. The Egyptians, from whom this opinion was probably derived, maintained that by Thoth, the god of eloquence, their ancestors were at first taught to articulate. "To whatever part of the globe we direct our view, we shall find additional reasons to conclude, that all the languages now spoken in the world were derived originally from one and the same source, notwithstanding their apparent difference and variety. When we remark cer. tain words in Latin, that resemble others in Greece, we are not surprised, considering the intimate connection which subsisted between the two nations, and the evident derivation of the former from the latter. It is natural to suppose that the modern tongues were derived from the ancient, which were spoken in the same guages and dialects of Europe, acountry. Thus all the present lanmounting to about twenty-seven, may be traced to the Latin, German, and Sclavonian. But when we observe that words used in one quarter of the globe are like those in another which is very remote, and that such words have exactly the same signification, and were so used long before the present inhabitants had any intercourse with each other, how is this to be accounted for? Several words in Welch are similar, and have a similar meaning with Latin and Greek. I am aware that this resemmon derivation from the Celtic. But blance may be imputed to their com whence arises the affinity in some remarkable instances, between the Greek and Hebrew, Greek and Sanscrit, Greek and Chinese, English and Arabic,Turkish and Celtic, Welch and Arabic, Latin and Otaheitan, Latin and Turkish, and English and Persian?" p. 91–94. The subsequent part of this chapter is occupied with the following topics. Alphabetical characters are the most perfect, which the author opposes to hieroglyphic writing. Representation of ideas-their origin and progress-those of modern Europe may be traced to one source.-The distinctions between ancient and modern languages.-Origin of the Italian and French languages. The rise of the modern languages forms a curious part of the history of the dark ages. The contents of the second volume are thus arranged. "Vol. II. Class V. Chap. I. The History of England.—Is interesting to mankind in general, and peculiarly so to Britons. Excellent remark of Frederic King of Prussia upon this subject. The sources of our information are numerous and authentic. A sketch of those memorable reigns during which such charters were granted, and laws were passed, as fred. William the Conqueror. Henform our present constitution. Alry II. John-Magna Charta. EdHenry VIII. ward I. Edward III. Henry VII. Charles I. Charles II. James 11. Queen Elizabeth. William III. The Revolution. Queen "Chap. II. The subject continued. -The general benefits, which result to Englishmen from the genius of their political Constitution. "Philosophy. Chap. 1. Logic, or the right Use of Reason.-Advantages to be derived from its cultivation-Its true nature not to be misunderstood-Its constituent parts are four; I. Perception, including ideas, words, and definitions. II. Judgment, of which the foundations are three-Intuition, or the ground of scientific knowledge-Testimony, or the ground of historical knowledge. III. Reasoning-its different kinds Syllogism arguments against this mode of endeavouring to discover truth. Lord Bacon's mode of reasoning by Induction stated and recommended. IV. Method divided into the analytic and synthetic. Practice and good examples necessary to form a correct Reasoner. Examples recommended-Lord Bacon -Chillingworth-Grotius-Locke Clarke-Bishop Butler-Synge-Paley. Practical influence of Logic, or well-regulated Reason, upon Mankind during the various periods of life. "Chap. II. The Mathematics.Objections against these studies answered. Utility of Mathematical Knowledge. Opinion of Locke favourable to scientific pursuits-their great perspicuity-the method of reasoning pursued in them. Mathe. matics are pure and mixed. 1. Pure, viz. Arithmetic Algebra-Geometry-Trigonometry. II. Mixed, viz. Mechanics Optics - Astronomy Pueumatics- Hydrostatics. The estimation in which these studies were held in ancient times. "Chap. IV. The Works of Nature. -The survey of the Works of Nature is an employment highly useful and delightful. The researches of Naturalists are directed to, I.' Animals; II. Vegetables; III. Minerals. The comparative nature of Man. The instinct of Animals-the admirable care of Nature in their structure and preservation.-Her prolific power in the production of organized bodies appears to be boundless. The Organs of Animals adapted to their convenience and preservation-illustrated by the structure of the Eye. Prospect of the dominion of Man over the inferior Animals. Some parts of the Creation apparently inconsistent with the benevolence of Nature, and yet may be reconciled to her general economy. "Chap. V. The subject continued. The connecting links of the chain of Animals and Vegetables.—An enquiry into their Analogy leads to the Science of Botany.-Its Nature.-The sexual system was established, not discovered, by Linnæus. The structure of Plants-Local usefulness of particular Vegetables-The prospects of vegetable nature highly gratifying as a subject of Taste. MineralogyChemistry. The Works of Nature raise the mind to the consideration of their great Author.-Concluding address to the Supreme Being. "Class VI. Polite Literature and the Fine Arts. Chap. I. Taste.-Definition of Taste-Its principles are implanted in every mind distinguished by good sense.-Taste is capable of high cultivation-Its proper Limits and Standard. Individuals, as well as Nations, improve their Taste, in proportion to the progress of Knowledge and Refinement. Chap. II. The subject continued. -The Character of a Critic who is a "Chap. III. The subject continued. The sphere of the Sciences Man of Taste.-Examples-Horace has been greatly enlarged by the dis-Quintilian-Vida-Addison — Lowth-The Wartonscoveries of the moderns-Roger Ba- Spence con-Copernicus-Galileo-Kepler Gray-Reynolds-Winkleman.-Huygens-Toricelli-Lord Bacon The chief Provinces of Taste.-I. Mu-Boyle-Herschel. The most able interpreter of the Laws of Nature was Newton-Sketch of his discoveriesHis Character contrasted with that of Descartes. The proper subordination of Science to polite Literature in a general System of Education. Union of both in the eminent Students of the University of Cambridge., sic. 11. Painting. III. Poetry. The Beauties of the Classics. The pleasures which result from the exercise of a refined Taste. "Class VII. The Sources of our National Prosperity, &c. Chap. I.Agriculture has been esteemed an object of great importance by distinguished persons both in ancient and modern times. Eminent writers upon the subject-Hesiod-Xenophon, &c. It has been most flourishing in the soil of liberty-gradually improved as old errors have been exploded, and new experiments tried, and adopted. The best method of forming general principles upon this subject. Population is limited by the means of subsistence. The character and relative importance of the Husbandman. The general advantages of AgricultureIts superiority to Commerce as a source of national good, and permanent power. "Chap. II. The subject continued. The state of Agriculture in England compared with that of France, Ireland, and America. Causes of the superiority of England. Plans of farther Improvement suggested. All other arts are inferior in point of utility to that of causing the earth to bring forth a copious produce for the support of mankind. "Chap. III. Commerce. The extensive prospect of Industry exerted in every part of Great Britain excites our curiosity to enquire into, I. The Advantages. II. The Principles. III. The comparative State of Commerce. The natural advantages of the Island of Great Britain as a commercial Country have been gradually improved by great public works. The influence of Commerce upon Agriculture. Character of the English Merchant. The methods which have been adopted for the promotion of Commerce. A Comparison between the present and former State of England proves the beneficial effects of Commerce-The obstacles opposed to its farther improvement may be removed.-Great Britain superior to most Countries in the requisite means for a widely-extended Commerce. Its The Traveller gratifies his taste by treading on classic ground.-He ví sits places celebrated in the writings, and distinguished by the actions of the Ancients. He views the ancient and modern Specimens of the fine Arts - Architecture-Sculpture— Medals-Pictures-Books. He investigates the State of GovernmentReligion-Commerce-Agriculture, &c. and remarks their combined ef fects upon the Manners, Customs, and Prosperity of Nations. Cautions against the adoption of the dangerous opinions, which prevail abroad upon Subjects of Religion and Government The general result of his travels shown by their beneficial influence upon his Opinions and Conduct. "Chap. V. The Professions.— Classical Learning and the Elements of Science and Philosophy are highly beneficial to those who do not follow a profession, as well as afford the only solid foundation for professional Knowledge. The attainments requi site for, 1. The Barrister. II. The Physician. III. The Clergyman. Concluding Chapter.-Final Exhortations to the improvement of the faculties of the mind, and the acquirement of useful knowledge, arising chiefly from the circumstances of the present times. "Appendix.-Lists of useful Books, particularly of select editions of the Classics, recommended by Persons eminent for learning and judgment which illustrate more clearly, and explain more fully the preceding Subjects." xv—xx. In the chapter on the clerical profession, we notice the following observations upon the character of a young man induced by proper motives to undertake the pastoral care,' 66 Chap. IV. Foreign Travel. Equally removed from indiffechief advantages. The qualifications rence on the one hand, and enthunecessary for a gentleman who visits siasm on the other, he embraces his foreign Countries. The natural Beauprofession from a deliberate preferties, remarkable Places, and principal ence, and full persuasion that it will Curiosities of his own Island to be afford him more frequent opportunipreviously viewed. Bad effects of ties, than he could find in any other going abroad too young. Haste in situation of life, to increase the glory passing through different Countries, of God, and advance the good of and Ignorance of foreign languages mankind. He is resolved to discensured. The objects of attention charge his duties with zeal and dilivary according to the education and gence proportioned to their importfavourite pursuits of the Traveller. ance, and therefore cherishes such Eminent modern Travellers-Gray- dispositions of mind as are best calHoward Sir Joseph Banks-Sir culated to promote the great designs William Hamilton-Moore-Young. of his profession. He feels the most exalted and heart-felt satisfaction in performing all the offices of piety, and resolves to give in every instance of his conduct, to his public and private instructions, the effectual recommendation of a good example. "At the commencement of his theological studies he will retrace the grounds, upon which he has erected his belief in the fundamental truths of christianity. He will review the principles of natural religion, and consider the arguments for the being, attributes, and providence of the great Creator and Governor of the world. He will peruse the Scriptures of the Old Testament, and will remark the intimate connection, which subsists between its leading circumstances, such as the fall of man, the types and institutions of the Mosaic Law, and the regular succession of prophecies, with the great scheme of redemption developed in the New, He will review the external and in ternal evidences of christianity, and examine all the proofs in such a manner, as not only to be fully convinced himself of the truth of the revelation, but so as to be furnished with such stores of information, and to acquire by study and meditation such ease in the application of them, as to be ready, upon all proper occasions, to oppose the cavils of the sceptic, the infidel, and the sectarist, by giving, in compliance with the advice of the inspired apostle, an ' answer to every man that asketh 'him a reason of the hope that is in 'him.' "Unless his belief be founded upon couviction, and be the result of his own careful examination, is he not liable to be lulled into a criminal indifference, shaken by the assaults of false philosophy, or deluded by the visions of enthusiasm? In the situations, in which he may be placed, in company with the infidel, the sceptic, or the scoffer, or with Christians of various denominations, he will possess none of the requisite stores of knowledge, by the assistance of which he may discover the artifice or the ignorance of his opponent, and render his attacks ineffectual-he may be silenced, may be disconcerted, and may expose himself and his profession to disgrace and ridicule, unless he be firmly grounded in all the im-, portant points of Christian know ledge, and the discriminating doctrines of the church of England. "The studies of his riper years will derive peculiar advantage from the progress he had previously made in polite literature and the sciences. By his knowledge of the Greek language, he will be enabled to read the New Testament in the original with ease and pleasure. Thus will he be well versed in that book, which is the sacred repository of the words and actions of the Redeemer of mankind-the unerring guide of life, and the pure source of all his instructions. He will peruse it with a critical view to the particular style of each evan gelist, the idiomatic and foreign forms of expression, and the particular allusions to ancient manners and cus toms. He will be careful to compare one passage with another, and thus will illustrate the general meaning of the sacred writers. He will call to his assistance the works of skilful commentators and critics, to enable him to see clearly the application of every parable and illustration, to explain difficult terms, and to follow to its full extent the chain and connex. ion of argument. Let him carry on his researches with a pious, hum 'ble, teachable, and impartial spirit, guarding against preconceived opinions hastily adopted, against 'bigotry for particular systems, blind prepossessions in favour of a parti 'cular interpreter, and the preju dices of habit, of his place of edu 'cation, or study of his relations and 'friends, and of his expected patrons. To earnest prayer for the superintending guidance of the Supreme Being, let him join his own assiduous exertions, and follow the path of truth, whithersoever it may lead him." p. 352-355. "With respect to the mode of delivering a sermon, it may be observ ed, that the advice of a judicious friend, as to the management of the voice, and the propriety of gesture, will be of much more use than volumes of instructions. These can no more lead to perfection, than studying the most exact theory of music can enable a reader to play well upon an instrument, to which end applica tion and practice can alone conduce. In like manner a good delivery must be the effect of repeated trials. Precepts may improve the judgment, but will give little aid to the power of performance-they may form critics, but cannot make speakers. "The principal fault attributed to the divines of the church of England is, that they are remarkable for a cold and inanimate mode of delivery. This circumstance points out the advantages, which formerly arose from the custom of preaching without the assistance of a written sermon. The preacher then gave way to the current of his own thoughts, and expressing himself as in animated conversation, transfused, without any diminution of their heat and strength, his own sentiments into the breast of his hearers. "Impressive as this practice certainly was, yet it may be remarked, that the present mode of delivering sermons has peculiar advantages. Sermons by the help of reflection are more correctly composed, with reasoning more just, instructions more judicious, points of faith and doctrine more fully and truly explained, and what is of great importance, with more regularity and method. As the divine of the church of England is by custom confined to one method, he should study to improve it as much as he can. As that extemporary discourse, which approaches the nearest to a written sermon in regularity of composition, and purity of style, is the best; in like manner among the written sermons, that is undoubtedly most excellent, which is composed with the easy air, and pronounced with the unaffected warmth and fluency of the extemporary. "Nothing is so impressive, or tends so much to the attainment of excellence, as the sight and the contem. plation of living example. It is much to be lamented, that we have no public school of eloquence, for the instruction of young divines in that species of delivery, which is necessary to give pathos, dignity, devoutness, and spirit, to their mode of performing the various services of the church-in the reading desk, the pulpit, at the baptismal font, and the altar. Until such an institution be established, we must refer to those, whose practice requires only to be generally known to be highly admired, and zealously followed. Happy are they who have an opportunity to be edified in the performance of the sacred services, by the emphatic correctness of a Porteus, the solemn tones and impressive dignity of a Parr, and the devout, judicious, and unaffected 'elocution of a Maltby. Were the public duties of piety thus generally performed throughout the nation, is it not probable, that the crowds, which now fill the conventicles of sectarists, would resort with eagerness to their respective churches, and, attracted by the manner of celebrating the service, would enjoy the additional advantages of solid and truly edifying instruction?" p. 359361. "A pious, learned, and diligent divine is one of the strongest supports and brightest ornaments of his country. In his general intercourse with mankind, while he maintains his dignity, he is free from formality or moroseness; enjoys society, but avoids its dissipation and its follies, and knows the value of time too well to sacrifice any very considerable share of it to mere amusement. To those, who differ from him in religious opinions, he shows firmness of principle without asperity of conduct, as he is ever mild, gentle, and tolerant. He warms the hearts of his flock by his fervent and unaffected piety, and he enlightens their understandings, confirms their faith, and invigorates their practice, by his judicious and impreșsive discourses. In his private ad. monitions he is diligent in giving advice, and delicate in his manner of doing it; always considering whether the means he employs of reconciling animosities and reproving vice are best calculated to answer the proposed ends. He maintains a proper intercourse with all classes of his parishioners, but he is neither arrogant to the poor, nor servile to the rich. To the indigent and deserving he is a constant friend, and protects them from the oppression of their superiors; he relieves their wants as far as it is in his power, and reconciles them to their laborious and humble stations, by the most earnest exhortations to patience and contentment. He is the composer of strife, and the soother of outrageous passions, and no less the temporal than the spiritual minister of peace. Ilis family is the mo del for all others in their attention to |