Manichæism set asideauthority,byappeal to notionsof fitness.345 They pretended not of course to any historical evidence; "Ye should produce," says S. Augustine, "some other copy, which should contain the same, only uncorrupted and more faithful, where those things only should be missing, which ye censure as interpolated. I will not,' sayest thou, 'lest I should be thought to have corrupted them myself.' For this are ye wont to say." (Aug. de mor. Eccl. Cath. §. 61.) "When ye hear objected to you' prove,' ye have recourse not to truer copies, or the majority of MSS. or more ancient MSS. or those of the original tongue, but ye say, I thence prove that this is his, the other not, because this is for me, that against me.' Art thou then the rule of truth?" (c. Faust. xi. 2. cp. xxxii. 16. de Util. Cred. §. 7. Ep. 82. §. 6.) They proceeded entirely upon internal evidence, or what has in modern times been called, the principles of "higher criticism." "The Paraclete, promised by the New Testament, teaches us in like manner what we ought to receive out of the same, what to reject." (Faustus, xxxii. 6.) "With good reason," (says he again in language only a little more unveiled than that of modern days,)" with good reason do we never without sound judgment and discretion give our minds to Scriptures [of this sort, so inconsistent and varying], but surveying all, and comparing one with another, weigh, whether each thing could have been said by Christ or no." (Faustus, xxxiii. 3.) "I, (says he again in a passage just preceding one already quoted,) I am fore-armed against the binding force of this passage by the Manichæan faith, which first of all has persuaded me not to believe whatever has been written in the name of the Saviour; but to examine whether they be true, sound, undefiled; for there are many tares &c." (Faustus, xviii. 3.) "See you not," answers S. Augustine in golden words," that ye are destroying altogether the whole authority of Scripture, so that every one's judgment is to decide for him, what in Scripture he shall approve, what disapprove; in other words, he is not for his faith to subject himself to the authority of Scripture, but to subject Scripture to himself, and not therefore approve of a thing, because it stands written in that so high authority, but therefore judge it to be rightly written, because himself approves of it." Nor less striking the warning; "If then thou hast submitted to an authority, utterly unknown and phrenzied, so as to believe a thousand fabulous phantoms, because they are written in those books, which, by a miserable error, thou hast judged right to believe in, why not rather submit to the Evangelical authority, so founded, so established, so gloriously spread abroad, and commended to us by the most certain successions [of Bishops"] from the Apostles' times to our own, that you may believe, may see, may learn that all those things also, which offend thee, offend thee through a vain and perverse imagination." (c. Faust. xxxii. 19.) d Successiones certissimas. The meaning is altogether determined by a passage shortly following; (c. Faust. xxxiii. end.) "These things being so, who can be blinded with such phrenzy, as to say that the Church of the Apostles, the agreement of brethren, so faithful, so numerous, could not guarantee that their writings should be faithfully transmitted to posterity, whereas they have preserved their Chairs by a most certain succession down to the present Bishops?" NOTE. 346 Principles fixed in S. Aug.'s mind through his Manichæan errors. This might unhappily be too closely paralleled in modern times; it may be more useful to set down two principles, which were forcibly brought out in S. Augustine's mind by his own acquaintance with Manichæism. 1. That in order to understand the things of God, one must first believe them. "True religion can no ways be entered upon, unless those things be believed, which each shall afterwards attain and perceive, if he conduct himself well and be worthy, nor altogether, without a grave weight of authority." (de Util. Cred. c. 9.) "Nor doth any one become fit to find out God, unless he first believe, what he shall afterwards know." (de Lib. Arb. ii. §. 6.) "Faith is to believe what as yet you see not, of which faith the reward is to 2. The unlovingness of this sceptical habit of mind, which receives nothing but what is demonstrated to it, and suspects every thing, which is at variance with its own preconceived opinions. "If this belief be removed from human affairs, who sees not what disturbance, and what horrible confusion would follow? For what mutual affection could there be, since affection itself is invisible, if I am not to believe what I see not? If then human society cannot exist, unless we believe what we cannot see, since all harmony would be destroyed, how much more is credit to be given to divine things, although they are not seen; which if it be not given, violence is done not to the friendship of some few men, but to the very height of religion, whence must needs follow the very height of misery." (de fide rerum quæ non videntur, §. 4. cf. Conf. vi. §. 7.) The same was said much earlier by Tertullian; "On which [the Baptism of John] they could not answer consistently, in that they understood not, because they believed not," (utpote non intelligentes, quia nec credentes.) De Bapt. c. 10. CHIEF EVENTS IN THE LIFE OF S. AUGUSTINE, (AS GIVEN, NEARLY, IN THE BENEDICTINE.) A.D. 354. Augustine born at Thagaste, Nov. 13; his parents, Patricius and Monnica; shortly afterwards enrolled among the Catechumens. 370-1. Returns home from studying Rhetoric at Madaura, after an idle childhood, and from idleness falls into dissipation and sin. 371. Patricius dies; Augustine supported at Carthage by his mother, and his friend Romanianus; falls into profligacy. 372. Birth of his son Adeodatus. 373. Cicero's Hortensius awakens in him a strong desire for true wisdom. 374. He falls into the Manichæan heresy, and seduces several of his acquaintance into it. His mother's earnest prayers for him; she is assured of his recovery. 376. Teaches Grammar at Thagaste; but soon returns to Carthage to teach Rhetoric-gains a prize. 379. Is recovered from study of Astrology-writes his books de pulchro et apto. 383. Discovers the Manichees to be in error, but falls into scepticism. Goes to Rome to teach Rhetoric. 385. Removes to Milan; his errors gradually removed through the teaching of S. Ambrose, but he is held back by the flesh; becomes again a Catechumen. 386. Studies St. Paul; converted through a voice from heaven; gives up his profession; writes against the Academics; prepares for Baptism. 387. Is baptized by S. Ambrose, INDEX.. A. ABRAHAM's bosom, 159, n. Academics, not, as commonly thought, Eneid, quoted, 12, 13, 15, 136. Air, thought to be God by Anaximenes, Altar, 180, 181. The holy sacrifice thence dispensed, ib. commemoration singular firmness and honesty, 98. n. Returns to Milan to give in his Ambition, misery of, 93. Ambrose, S. Bishop of Milan, his far- a For this Index, (with the exception of the part relating to the Manichæans,) |