ery laborer in the district was present, not even a dead body could be found. The site is now covered with a luxuriant forest of chestnuts. Chiavenna. See Route 47. ROUTE 57.-From Splügen to Magadino, on Lake Como, via the Bernardino Pass [this route is the same as 47 up to Splügen from Zurich], Lostallo, and Bellinzona. From Bellinzona to Magadino, see Route 34. From Splügen to Bellinzona; time, 7 h. 30 m.; fare, coupé, 17 frs. 55 c. Carriage, two horses, from Coire to Bellinzona, 175 frs. From Coire to Magadino; time, 18 hours; fare, coupé, 30 frs. 50 c. Splügen. See Route 47. This The Bernardino route was constructed in 1822, at the joint expense of the Sardinian and Grison governments. The road is the same as that of the Splügen up to Splügen. Leaving Splügen, it advances up the valley of the Hinterrhein, on the left bank of the Rhine, for a distance of seven miles, until it reaches Hinterrhein, the highest village in the valley. The road over the Bernardino here leaves the Rhine, immediately begins to ascend, and soon reaches the summit of the Bernardino Pass, 6584 feet above the level of the sea. mountain, known to the Romans, and called Vogelberg down to the 15th century, owes its present name to St. Bernardino of Sienna, who first preached the Gospel here, and to whom a chapel was erected on the south side of the mountain. On the summit of the pass is the Lake Moësola, and near it a house of refuge. After descending for a short distance, the Moësa is crossed by the handsome iron bridge "Victor Emanuel," from which a fine view is obtained of the Piz Moësola. A San Bernardino (hotels, Brocco, Ravizza, and Motto), the loftiest village in the valley of Mesocco. It possesses a mineral spring, with baths, and attracts a considerable number of visitors. Near the village of St. Giacomo are quarries of gypsum. fine view is obtained from the bridge of St. Giacomo of the ruined Castle of Mesocco. The descent now becomes very rapid until we reach Mesocco, a miserable village, but very picturesquely situated. Here the traveler first becomes aware of his approach to Italy by the presence of vines, and chestnut, walnut, and mulberry trees. Below Soazza the road passes along the right bank of the Moësa. Near the second bridge the beautiful waterfall of Buffalora is seen. St. Vittore is the last village in the canton of the Grisons. Soon we enter the canton Tessin, and the road unites with that of the St. Gothard Pass. Just beyond the junction of the Rivers Moësa and Ticino stands the village of Arbedo, memorable for the battle which was fought here between the Milanese and Swiss, in which 2000 of the latter were slain. They were interred near the church of St. Paul, called Chiesa Rossa on account of its red color. Bellinzona is the chief town in the canton of Tessin. It is a place of considerable importance, owing to its situation at the junction of four roads-from the St. Gothard, the Bernardino, from Lugano, and from Locarno. At Cadenazzo the road diverges from that which leads to Lugano over the Monte Cenere. Magadino (Hôtel Bellevue) is situated at the mouth of the Ticino, on Lake Maggiore. Steamers leave three times daily for Arona, performing the journey in four and a half hours. ROUTE 58.-From Schwyz to Glarus, via the Pragel and Klönthal. It was over this pass that the Russian general Suwarrow was obliged to retreat, for the first time in his life, before the French general Massena. He was on his route from Altorf to assist the Russian army at Zurich. Not being aware that Korsakof, its commander, had been defeated, he had crossed the Kinzig-Kulm with 25,000 men into the valley of Muotta, when he found himself completely caught in a trap. Lecourbe's division was in his rear, the victorious Massena on his front, while Molitor's smaller force guarded the pass of the Pragel; that being his only outlet, he retreated before Massena, driving in the force of Molitor. This route is usually made on horseback, and occupies about eleven hours; horse, 25 frs. ; guide, 10 frs.-this includes return fare. The route is neither of first nor second rate importance. There is a carriage-road the first nine miles from Schwyz to Muotta. The road passes through the Muotta Valley along the stream to Ober-Schönenbuch. The bridge here was taken and retaken several times by the Russians in their desperate attempt to force their way to Zu rich. Muottathal (Hôtel Hirsch), containing a Franciscan nunnery, founded in 1280. It often entertains poor travelers. some copper-mines. [From Engi there is a pass through the Mühlethal to Wallenstadt in seven hours.] At Matt, the second village in the valley, there are the slate quarries of Plattenberg, whence come all the slates used in the schools of Switzerland. As the valley is ascended, the inhabitants become much more hardy and athletic than in the lower In the vicinity is a very pretty waterfall valley. called Gstübt-Bach. There is a path which leads across the Kinzig-Kulm to Altorf in nine hours. From Muottathal to Pragel the path is steep and stony, and the summit soft and marshy, but the descent is a great improvement on the rise. Passing Richisau, and descending into the Klönthal, a lovely valley, covered with the greenest grass and flowers, the Klönthaler-See is reached. This is a lovely little lake, about two miles long, which reflects the huge figure of the beautiful Glarnisch, rising upward of 7000 feet above its surface, and which can be ascended in fifteen hours. The valley now becomes contracted, only of sufficient width to allow the foaming Löntsch to pass through and form its junction with the Linth. Still descending through the wooded gorge, the road soon arrives at Glarus (hotels, Glarnerhof and Rabe). It contains 4826 inhabitants, and possesses numerous manufactories, principally cotton-printing and dyeing. The town is the capital of the canton, and is surrounded by scenery most strikingly grand, at the base of the magnificent Glarnisch and Schilt, and other heights, which inclose it in a circle of savage and fantastic grandeur. ROUTE 59.-Glarus to Coire, by the SernfThal; time, 15 hours. From Glarus to Elm, diligence, 3 h. 10 m. Elm to Flims in 10 hours, and diligence to Coire in 2 h. 15 m. About four miles from Glarus, at the town of Schwanden, the Linth Valley divides into two arms: that to the left is called Klein-Thal or Sernf-Thal; that to the right, which leads to the Baths of Stachelberg, is designated as the Grossthal. Passing up the valley of the Sernf at Engi, there is a very fine waterfall; also Continuing to mount, the village of Elm is passed, the last in the valley, and crossing the Pass of Segnes, 8612 feet above the level of the sea. Close to the pass is the Martinsloch, an aperture in the precipice, through which, four days in the year--March 4th and 5th, and September 14th and 15th the sun shines upon the village church of Elm. After passing Flims-diligence to Reichenau and Coire-and descending past numerous waterfalls in sight of snow-clad mountains and glaciers, Reichenau is reached. See Route 47. From Reichenau to Coire; distance, six miles; diligence in one hour. Coire. See Route 47. ROUTE 60.-Coire to Andermatt, via the Valley of the Vorder-Rhein and Oberalp. (A projected railroad from Coire to Amsteg, quitting the route at Dissentis.) Diligence daily in 13 h. 20 m.; fare, coupé, 24 frs. 55 c. Carriage, with two horses, 120 frs. This is one of the most interesting and beautiful routes in Switzerland. The road, for a mountain road, is first class. It was completed in 1863, for the purpose of connecting the Furca with the St. Gothard route. It is most picturesque nearly its entire length, ancient castles and waterfalls abounding in every direction, especially from Reichenau to Dissentis; thence to Andermatt it is chiefly over Alpine meadows. The whole distance is sixty miles. After passing Flims- Hôtel Adler (see Route 59)—the road leads through a wide basin to Waldhäuser (Hôtel and Pension Segnes), situated on the margin of a pine forest, in which is the green Flimser-See, a small lake with a warm spring, much frequented in summer by the citizens of Coire for the cure of rheumatism. Passing Laux, where may be seen two ancient castles-Von Mont and Toggenburg-the town of Ilanz is reached (Hôtel Oberalp). It is built on both sides of the Rhine, and was the former capital of the "Gray League." Its situation is magnificent, near the entrance of the Lugnetz Valley, with a fine view of the Rhine Valley in both directions. The Romansch is the language of the town, and there are numerous evidences of former wealth. The Piz Mundaun, whence there is a magnificent view, may be reached in three hours. It is 6562 feet above the level of the sea. The Piz Tumbif, 10,500 feet above the level of the sea, can be reached in about seven hours. There is an interesting excursion to Splügen through the Lugnetz - Thal and Valserberg Pass; also to the Baths of Stachelberg by the Kistengrat. Crossing the Rhine at Tavanasa (Hôtel Kreuz), the road runs along a series of precipices to Trons (Hôtel Krone), where the passengers by diligence dine. It is situated immediately under the Piz Tumbif, in a remarkably beautiful position, and is especially noted as the Lirthplace of Rhætian Alps liberty. Near the entrance to the town stands the remains of an ancient sycamore-tree, under the ranches of which, in 1424, the peasants of the valley met with the nobles who were favorable to their cause, and took an oath of fidelity, one with the other, "to be and continue good and true friends; to hold together in war and peace; to maintain each man his own rights by law, and not by the strong hand; to withstand all lawless violence; and to punish the unruly who will not obey the sentence of the law." This was the origin of the Gray League, and which was subsequently renewed every ten years. Near the spot stands the Chapel of St. Anna, erected to commemorate the event. There are several frescoes: one represents the formation of the league, the principal framers wearing long gray beards, hence the name. Another, one of the renewals in 1778, the persons present dressed in the elegant costume of the day, ruffled collars, powdered hair, silk stockings, etc. seven miles, passing over a road of the boldest construction, the tourist arrives at Somvix, through which is seen the opening of the Val Somvix in all its savage grandeur. Then crossing a bridge one hundred and sixty feet above the river, Dissentis is reached (Hôtel Condrau zur Post). It contains an ancient Benedictine abbey, founded in the seventh century by the Scotch monk Siegbert. It is situated on an eminence with the village at its base. Its abbots, like those of St. Gallen, became very powerful, and in 1570 the abbot Christian von Castelberg was made prince of the empire by Maximilian II. There is a road from Dissentis over the Lukmanier to Bellinzona. See Route 61. From Dissentis to Amsteg a railway has been projected. The principal excursion at Dissentis is the ascent of the Piz Mauraun, 9511 feet high; time, 5 hours; guide, 7 frs. After leaving Dissentis the valley contracts, the road passing along the new-born Rhine as far as Sedrun, the principal village in the valley; then Ruèras (Hôtel Oberalp). Situated on a height nearly surrounded by the Rhine, stands the Castle of Pultmenga, the original home of the wellknown family of Pontaningen. l'assing along the left bank of the Vorder-Rhein the village of Stella is reached. This place is much exposed to avalanches, one of which, in 1808, buried forty-two persons and over two hundred head of cattle. Chiamut, the last village in the Tvetsch Valley, where the Vorder-Rhein owes its birth. Here three different sources-the Six-Madun, Crispalt, and Berglistockpour in their united streams. Ascending the Val Surpalix by numerous zigzags, and crossing the boundary of the canton of Uri, the Oberalp is passed, and the tourist arrives at the Oberalp-See, one of the sources of the river Reuss. The road passes along its northern shore, and descends by numerous zigzags to Andermatt on the St. Gothard Pass. See Route 34. ROUTE 61.-Dissentis to Bellinzona, via the Lukmanier and Santa Maria Pass. At present this is only a bridle-path, oc From Trons to Dissentis, a distance of cupying ten hours; but probably before the end of the present year (1874) a mag-ty of the counts of Toggenburg. When nificent new road will be finished and diligences running. This route was the competitor of the St. Gothard for the new railway connecting Switzerland and Italy; but in 1869 it was decided to adopt the St. Gothard route, Germany and Switzerland bearing one half the expense and Italy the other half. Lukmanier is, with the exception of Maloja, the lowest of all the Alpine passes into Italy, and it was by this route that Pepin and Charlemagne invaded that country, and the bishops of Dissentis caused hospices to be erected over this favorite route. For Dissentis, see Route 60. The road, crossing the Vorder-Rhein, enters the savage and rugged gorge of the Mittel-Rhein; then traversing an interesting portion of the valley, passes Platta, the principal village in the valley; then Perdatsch is reached, near which the MittelRhein plunges over a precipice 150 feet high. Passing the hospices of St. John and Santa Maria, the best of the five hospices on the route, where travelers receive better accommodation than the appearance of the place indicates, another half-hour brings the tourist to the Lukmanier Pass, 6289 feet above the sea. A cross may here be seen which marks the boundaries of the cantons of Tessin and the Grisons. Descending the Val Casaccia, in one hour the hospice of Casaccia is reached, then that of Camperio, and one hour lower Olivone (Hôtel Steffano Bolla). This is the highest village in the Val Blegno, and its situation is one of the most charming among the Southern Alps. From Olivone to Biasca there is a char and carriage road a distance of fourteen miles, passing Acqua Rossa, which contains a mineral spring, and Malvaglia, through picturesque scenery enlivened by numerous waterfalls. ROUTE 62.-Wyl to Haag, in the Valley of the Rhine, via the Toggenburg; time, 5 h. 5 m.; by rail to Ebnat in 1 h. 5 m.; and diligence to Haag in 4 hours. Wyl. See Route 48, from Winterthur to St. Gall. In The that family became extinct it was purchased by the abbots of St. Gallen. the course of time a large proportion of the inhabitants embraced the Protestant religion, and the abbots, having broken faith with the people, were expelled from their territory; which act led to the Toggenburg war, in which there were nearly seventyfive thousand men on each side. Catholics took the side of the St. Gallens, and the Protestants that of the Toggenburgers-the principal Protestant cantons on one side and the Catholic cantons on the other-the feud still spreading to England, Prussia, and Holland for the Protestants, and France, Austria, and Rome for the Catholics. The Catholics were defeated, July, 1712, and a general peace was concluded at Aarau. The road passes over the Guggerloch by an aqueduct five hundred feet in length and nearly two hundred high, then some small stations, and arrives at Lichtensteig, situated on an eminence, near which are the ruins of New Toggenburg; then Wattwyl, surmounted by an old monastery and the ruined castle of Yberg. Ebnat (Hôtel Krone) is the present terminus of the railway line. It contains 2500 inhabitants, principally devoted to cotton manufactures. Diligence to Haag daily in four hours. Continuing along the valley of the Thur, near Krummenau the road passes a natural bridge called the Sprung, and arrives at Nesslau (Hôtel Krone), whence the Speer may be ascended in four hours. Leaving this pretty village, the road passes through a defile, and arrives at Alt - St. Johann, situated in a wild and rugged district. Then Wildhaus (Hôtel Kirsch), noted for being the birthplace of the celebrated Reformer Zwingli. The cottage is still shown in which he was born, January 1st, 1484. Wildhaus belonged to Rhætia until 1310. Notice the peculiar position of the Roman Catholic church between the two streams: the rain falling on its roof descends into both rivers. Weissbad can be reached from Wildhaus by the Krayalp Pass in eight hours. The line passes through the populous The road, now crossing the Sommer-Tovalley of the Thur, at one time the proper-bel, descends by several windings to VOL. III.-F 2 771 Haag. See Route 52. ROUTE 63.-Wesen to Altorf, via Glarus, the Baths of Stachelberg, and Klausen. From Wesen to Glarus by railway; time, 30 minutes. Thence by diligence to the Baths of Stachelberg in 1 h. 30 m.; fare, 2 frs. 20 c. Thence by diligence in half an hour to Linththal; and 10 h. 30 m. by bridle-path to Altorf; horse, 26 frs.; guide, 10 frs. Glarus. See Route 58. The inhabitants of the canton of Glarus, which comprises principally the two valleys of Linth and Sernf, devote their time to cattle and the products of the dairy. Their cheese, known as Schabziger, is much prized, and largely exported. Schwanden. See Route 59. The valley here divides, the right side, or Linththal, leading to the Baths of Stachelberg, through the town of Luchsingen, and, passing the waterfall of Diesbach, arrives at the Baths of Stachelberg, finely situated on the left bank of the Linth. The hotel is a large and handsome building, capable of accommodating an immense number of patients, and surrounded by woods, gardens, and pleasure-grounds. The price for tourists is about eight francs per day, and five or six for patients. The excursions from the baths are very numerous, and visitors are yearly increasing on account of the beauty of the situation. About one and a half miles distant is the source of the alkaline sulphurous spring, which only fills one bottle each minute. There is a lovely walk past the cascade at the rear of the house to the source of the mineral spring. The Fätschbach waterfall, at the foot of the Klausen Pass, should be visited; it is about one hour distant from the hotel. The road crosses at the baths to the right bank of the river, and continues through Matt to Linththal. Hotels, Adler and Bär. This thriving and populous village contains numerous factories, and a monument to Friedrich von Dürler, of Zurich, who lost his life in 1840 in making the ascent of the Piz Rusein, or Tödi. This is the principal excursion from Linththal or the Baths of Stachelberg, and can be accomplished in eight hours, viz.: three to Grünhorn Hut, and five to the summit. The Pantenbrücke and Ober Sand-Alp is also a splendid excursion; whole time occupied, nine hours; passing the beautiful Fall of Schreienbach, 220 feet high. The bridge of Pantenbrücke is reached in two hours from Linththal. It crosses 160 feet above the Linth, and commands a most lovely view. The Upper Sand-Alp is four hours above Pantenbrücke, and, if one is stopping at the baths, will well repay the time. There is a small chalet, where, in July and August, a shake-down" of hay may be obtained. 66 About two hours above Linththal the Urner Boden is reached; then one of the highest Alpine positions is crossed, which brings the tourist to Klausen, the summit of the pass, where may be witnessed a scene of desolate grandeur. This is the boundary between the Linth and the Reuss. The descent from the summit is gradual, and in twenty minutes Balmwand is reached; then, making a junction with the path from Kinzig-Kulm, descends to Unterschächen. Or descending by a much steeper path, the beautiful cascade of Stäubi is passed, and Unterschächen is reached. Hôtel au Klausen. The scenery now becomes lovely, andpassing through several villages, amid the hum of various waterfalls, with a glorious retrospective view of snow-capped mountains and glittering glaciers - Altorf is reached. See Route 34. ROUTE 64.-Zurich to Lucerne, via Wädenswyl, Einsiedeln, Schwyz, and Brunnen. Railway in progress (1874). Several steamers leave Zurich daily for Wadenswyl (Hôtel Engel), one of the largest towns on the lake, containing 6050 inhab itants; thence to Einsiedeln by diligence in 24 hours; fare, 2 frs. ; passing Schindellegi and Biberbruck. The inhabitants of Einsiedeln now number over 7660, the entire population being nearly all devoted to keeping inns and houses of accommodation for the thousands of pilgrims who yearly make the pilgrimage to the "Black Virgin of Switzerland." Principal hotels, Adler and Pfau. In former years nearly 200,000 annually visited Einsiedeln, but of late years the number has somewhat declined; but, next to Notre Dame de Lorette of Italy, St. James of Compostella in Spain, and Mariazell in Styria, Einsiedeln |