is more frequented by pilgrims than any other place in the world. The annual number for the twenty-two years ending with 1840 was 134,000, the numbers having fallen off from 180,000 in 1835 to 132,000 in 1837. From Zurich alone, for over 190 years, one person out of every family in the town went regularly in procession once a year, in fulfillment of a vow made before a certain battle with the Austrians, in which the Swiss were victorious. to the end of the 16th century, was generally filled by persons of noble or princely blood. The convent is to-day the principal one in Switzerland, and the abbot is always designated by all the Catholic cantons as Prince of Einsiedeln. In 1798, when the French Republicans entered Switzerland, they stripped the convent of nearly all its treasures, among which the holy image, which they transported to Paris. The pious fathers, how. ever, pretend that they saved the true image when they retreated to the Tyrol. After their return in 1803, the pilgrimages again commenced. The anniversary of the consecration of the image, the 14th of September, is always attended with an immense throng, from Bavaria, from all parts of Catholic Switzerland, and from Austria. They were painted by Mücke, of Dusseldorf: the one represents St. Meinrad preaching on St. Etzel before a large concourse of people (all portraits of the Hohenzollern family); the other St. Hildegarde presenting the holy image to St. Meinrad The convent has now sixty priests and twenty brothers of the Benedictine order. The convent of Einsiedeln is situated on a bleak and sterile Alpine valley, about 3000 feet above the level of the sea: its foundation dates back to the remote time of Charlemagne. The present structure was erected in the early part of the 18th century. The present monks give the origin of the convent in this wise: Meinrad, count of Sulgen, of the noble house of Ho- In 1861 the convent celebrated its one henzollern, first constructed a small chapel thousandth anniversary of the death of St. or cell on this barren plateau, and devoted Meinrad: an immense throng of pilgrims his time in tending a small black image of took part in the fête, which lasted a month. the Virgin and child given him by St. On this occasion the King of Prussia and Hildegarde, then Abbess of Zurich. He the Prince of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen was assassinated in 861; but his murderers (of the same family as the saint) presentwere discovered by two ravens which Mein-ed to the convent two historical pictures. rad had reared, who followed them in every direction, screaming and flapping their wings. They fled to Zurich, but the ravens followed them, and they were finally arrested, convicted, and hung. Their place of execution was for a long time occupied by a hotel, called the Two Ravens, at present Hôtel Bilharz. After the death of Meinrad, the reputation of his sanctity spread rapidly, and over his cell was founded a Benedictine convent. The story goes that the Bishop of Constance, who intended to consecrate the church the next day, heard in the middle of the night the voices of angels, who announced to him that the Savior himself had descended from heaven and performed the holy work; and Leo VIII. confirmed the miracle by a papal bull granting plenary indulgence to all pil-The image itself stands in the Chapel of grims who visited Notre Dame des Ermite, er Einsiedeln; it consequently soon became the richest convent in Switzerland, and one of the richest in the world. In 1274 the Emperor Rudolph of Hapsburg, founder of the present Austrian dynasty, raised its abbot to the rank of prince of the empire, who soon established a powerful court, administered laws, and had jurisdiction over life and death. The office, up In the square in front of the convent is a fountain of black marble, with fourteen jets: it is ornamented with a portrait of the Virgin. The pilgrims drink from all of the fourteen streams, as it is reported the Savior drank from one of them when consecrating the chapel. Under the arcades and in the square are crowds of persons selling images, medals, crucifixes, and other devotional objects. the Virgin in the church, which is said to look like St. John Lateran at Rome (we can't see it). It is a little black figure of the Virgin, with the child in her arms, and looks much like the one carved by St. Luke in Spain. They both (Virgin and child) have golden crowns on their heads, and are covered with brocades, tinsel, and embroidery. An iron grating protects the shrine from the profane, but a lamp is con tinually burning in the chapel. The walls are covered with offerings to the Virgin on account of numerous escapes from "fire and sudden death," all of which are attributed to her protecting hand. Zwingli was curate here from 1515 to 1519; and on the anniversary of the consecration by the angels, 1517, he preached one of his most successful sermons. Herrenberg, an eminence near the abbey, commands a beautiful view of the surroundings. Rothenthurm (Hôtel Ochs) derives its name from a red tower which forms part of a long line of defenses. Three miles west of Rothenthurm lies the Lake of Egeri, on the southeast bank of which was fought the celebrated battle of Morgarten, November 15th, 1315, in which the Swiss confederates, a small number of men (1400), gained a complete victory over Duke Leopold, with the flower of the Austrian army, comprising in all 20,000 men ; and this was the first time the Swiss mountaineers had met an army in the open field. Sattel (Hôtel New Krone): a chapel was erected here in memory of the battle of Morgarten, which is only about one mile distant. A diligence leaves Sattel daily for Zug, passing Lake Egeri; time, two hours. Schwyz and Brunnen. See Route 30. ROUTE 65.-Coire to Ponte, in the Engadine, via Tiefenkasten (the route to St. Moritz). See Route 50. Coire to Lenz; thence by the Albula Pass. Diligence in 10 h. 46 m. Fare, coupé, 17 frs. 35 c.; carriage, 120 frs. Leaving Lenz, described in Route 50, passing the village of Brienz, near which is the castle of Belfort, and descending a long, winding road, the Baths of Alveneu are reached. These sulphur baths are in high repute among the natives, and there is a large hotel capable of accommodating 150 guests. The village of Alveneu lies up an eminence nearly two miles above the baths, whence there is a road to Davos. Passing Filisur, above which stands the ruined castle of Greifenstein, the road leads up a wooded slope to the Bergüner Stein, a narrow and rugged ravine, over one thousand feet long, hewn out of the solid rock, through which the French transported their artillery during the wars of the Revolution. The gorge now expands into a lovely valley, surrounded by the snow-clad mountains of Piz d'Aela and others, and the road arrives at the pretty village of Bergün (Hôtel Piz d'Aela). In addition to the handsome houses, there is a fine old church, and several objects that will interest the visitor. From Bergün the road gradually ascends, passing numerous waterfalls and cascades, to the Hôtel Weissenstein, situated at the base of Piz Giumels; then still ascending, and passing the remains of an ancient Roman road, enters the rugged and savage gorge of Teufelsthal, properly so called, as it is filled with fragments of rocks and stones hurled from the mountains above or brought down by the snow. Passing over three miles of a bleak and rugged way, the Pass of Albula is reached, 7589 feet above the sea, and forming the watershed between the Rhine and the Jura. The road winds down gradually, and six miles from the summit arrives at Ponte. See Route 53. Diligence thence to St. Moritz and Samaden, also to Nauders. ROUTE 66. From Landquart to Süs, Schuls or Tarasp,via Küblis, Klosters, Dörfli, and the Fluela Pass. This is the direct route from Zurich, Constance, or Coire to the Lower Engadine. Diligence daily to Süs in 12 h. 30 m.; to Schuls, 13 h. 30 m.; fare, 22 frs., and 23 frs. 45 c. Starting through the gorge of Klus, formerly commanded by the castle of Fragstein, the village of Pardisla is reached (from which a carriage-road leads to the bracing village of Seewis in an hour). Ascending the right bank of the furious Landquart, Schiers is reached, a town noted for the bravery of its female inhabitants, who, on one occasion, in 1622, helped to drive back an Austrian force, since which time they have had the honor of taking precedence of the males when the sacrament is administered. The road here crosses the river to the left bank and soon arrives at Jenatz (Hôtel Post). Thirty minutes farther Fideriser Au (Hôtel Niggli). The town of Fideris stands on a hill some distance from the road, and two miles south of that are the Fideris Baths, situated in a wild and rugged gorge. There are two establishments, capable of accommodating two hundred persons. The fare might be better, but the price is low-four and a half to six francs per day. The waters are considered very efficacious in cases of consumption, and are well attended; in fact, the establishments are full during the season. On a summit opposite Fideris is situated the ruined castle of Castels. The Austrian governor, the deputy of the Emperor Ferdinand, undertook to drive out of the valley the natives who had adopted the Reformed religion, when the castle was assaulted by the peasantry, armed only with sticks, who carried and destroyed it in 1622. Again crossing the Landquart, the village of Küblis is reached. Hôtel Krone. The road now passes several waterfalls, and skirting the base of the mountain arrives at Klosters (Hôtel Silvretta), named after a suppressed convent. This village is considerably scattered, consisting of four other villages. There are numerous excursions to be made from here by pedestrians; such as crossing the Silvretta Pass; a pass into the Engadine by the Silvretta glaciers, and one to Süs by the Vereina Pass. The road, now turning south, ascends in zigzags to the Schwarze-See, and mounting to the summit descends to the Davoser-See, another small lake, abounding in excellent fish, and arrives at Davos-Dörfli, where diligence passengers dine, at a very good table d'hôte, 4 frs. Crossing the Landwasser, and ascending the Fluela-Thal, through rather barren and gloomy scenery, the summit of the Fluela Pass is reached, where there is a hospice; and continuing between two small lakes and the mountains of the Schwarzhorn and Weisshorn (the former of which can be ascended in three hours with a guide), the road descends through the dreary valley of Grialetsch to Süs, with its ruined castle. From Süs to Schuls, or St. Moritz, see Route 53. ROUTE 67.-From Davos-Dörfli to Lenz, or Tiefenkasten, via Wiesen. Diligence daily in five hours. New road completed in 1874. The district of Davos consists of a valley, principally of meadows, nearly fourteen miles long, and inclosed by wooded cliffs. The inhabitants, about two thousand in number, are devoted principally to raising cattle, and are an industrious class of people, who emigrated here from the canton of Valais. Davos-Dörfli. See Route 66. From Davos-Dörfli to Davos am Platz, one and a half miles (Hôtel Rhätia). This is the capital of the district, and was formerly the capital of the ten jurisdictions. The town is composed of detached houses, very prettily built, scattered among the meadows, and mostly filled with consumptive invalids who come here to spend the season, the town having a hygienic repu tation. There is a handsome Rathhouse, with a good restaurant on the ground floor. There are numerous excursions in the vicinity of Davos am Platz. That to the Baths of Clavadel, the ascent of the Todtenalp, Weissfluh, and Piz Ducan can be made from here. The Upper Engadine can be reached by the Scaletta Pass, and Bergün by the Sertig Pass. Passing the Baths of Clavadel, the valley contracts, and the Landwasser is crossed near the sulphur baths of Spinerbad; then through a picturesque valley by the left bank of the stream to Glaris; then the disused foundery of Hoffnungsau is passed, and the road enters a narrow and rugged gorge through tunnels made in the rocks. The old road here crosses the Landwasser, and ascending the heights passes through some woods and verdant pastures, and arrives at Wiesen in a little longer time than is occupied by the new road. Wiesen is situated at the base of the Martirutsch and Sandhubel, on an open plain. The population speak the German language, and are Protestants. There is a small hotel, the Palmi. The distance from Wiesen to Schmitten is three miles; the road passes through a tunnel cut in the rocks. The River Albula here unites with the Landwasser. Passing the village of Alveneu, below which lies the Alveneu Bad, and winding round a basin on the west side of the river, then passing Brienz, the road unites with the main road from Coire. See Route 50. ROUTE 68.-From Courmayeur to Bourg | founded by St. Bernard, and now belonging St. Maurice, via the Little St. Bernard. to the military and religious Order of St. Maurice and of St. Lazare. Part of the building is used as an inn; in the other part the monks dispense their charity to poor wayfarers. A diligence-road nearly finished this year (1874), in the mean time horses and mules are used (to cross the pass); time, 9 hours; horse or mule, 12 frs., and guide, 12 frs.; carriage, 85 frs. The Little St. Bernard is one of the most ancient passes across the Alps, as by this route Hannibal invaded Italy. The road is finished for carriages, with the exception of from La Thuille to the Hospice that part is still a char-road. The carriage-road traverses the valley of the Thuille. From Courmayeur to Pré St. Didier occupies one hour by carriage, price 4 frs.passing through luxuriant vegetation, cascades, and waterfalls, in full view of Mont Blanc and his satellites. Several interesting excursions may be made from the Hospice, and the Belvidere and Valézan can be ascended in one and a half hours and one hour respectively. Descending from the Hospice by a fine road, the village of Scez is passed, and the stream of La Recluse crossed by a bridge near the Roche Blanche, the surroundings of which are described in Polybius's account of Hannibal's passage of the Alps. Two miles farther Bourg St. Maurice is reached (Hôtel des Voyageurs), a small town finely situated on the Isère, at the junction of several valleys. It has a high Pré St. Didier (Hôtel Rosa), a small town, tower, which is a landmark for a long diswith baths. See Route 4. Here the route leaves that from Courmayeur to Aosta and diverges to the south, commencing immediately to make an ascent. When it arrives at a level plateau in the midst of a fine forest of pines, a splendid view of Mont Blanc may be obtained. Continuing to traverse the valley of the Thuille, and passing the village of La Balme, occasional glances may be had of the rugged and savage grandeur of the gorge through which the Doire bursts into the plain below. The road here crosses the river, and La Thuille is reached (Hôtel de la Golletta). A walk from here should be taken to the glacier of Ruitor. Ascending to Pont Serrant, which is the last village, the pass is mounted, and the Cantine passed forty-five minutes from the summit; then over some good pasturage, and past Lac Vernet, and the summit of the pass is attained, at a height of 7421 feet. Here may be seen the Cirque d'Annibal, a circle of stones, nine feet apart and about eight hundred feet in circumference, where, tradition says, Hannibal held a council of war, with the plains of Lombardy and Sardinia before him, and waiting for his weary stragglers to come up. Near the Cirque notice the Colonne de Joux, supposed to be of Celtic origin. It now marks the boundary between France and Italy. Descending on the Italian side for one and a half miles, the Hospice is reached, tance. See "Italy," vol. ii. Diligence daily to Moutier in 4 h. 30 m. ROUTE 69.-Geneva to Turin, via Culoz, Aix-les-Bains, and the Mont Cenis Tunnel; railway time, 13 h. 37 m.; fare, 42 frs. 12 c. From Geneva to Culoz, 1 h. 52 m. Carriages are here changed, and travelers take the line from Paris. Passing Châtillon, twenty minutes from Culoz, then the watering-place of Aix-les-Bains (Grand H. d'Aix), containing about 4000 inhabitants, and the same number of visitors during the season. The mineral and sulphur springs are very numerous, and said to be efficacious in nearly all known cases of illness. The douche bath is the one most in use. After being thoroughly rubbed by attendants, you are wrapped up in blankets and sent home in a sedan-chair, and put to bed. There is a casino in the town which contains reading and conversation rooms; balls are held twice a week. Several very interesting excursions can be made from the town. The principal one is to Haute-Combe, on the shore of the Lac du Bourget. This monastery, founded in the early part of the thirteenth century by the princes of Savoy, was their burialplace up to 1730, when it was changed for the Superga, near Turin. It was much damaged during the Revolution, but has since been repaired by the King of Sardinia. Among the principal monuments are those of Peter of Savoy, Amadeus V., | was the birthplace of several of the counts VI., and VII., Humbert III., Jeanne de Montfort, Louis I., and Baron de Vaud. There is a branch line from Aix-les-Bains to Annecy; time, 14 hours; fare, 4 frs. 50 c. From Aix to Chambéry; time, one hour. Chambéry, the capital of Savoy.. Population 20,000. Hôtel des Princes. It is situated on the bank of a small river which flows into the Lake of Bourget. It is noted for its manufacture of silk gauze and other fabrics. The remains of the ancient castle of the princes of Savoy, ancestors of Victor Emanuel, may still be seen. The castle was erected in 1230, and is now being repaired. Contiguous to the promenade, which leads to the town, may be seen the monumental fountain erected in honor of General de Boigne, a native of Chambéry, who made an immense fortune in the service of the Rajah of Scinde, India, all of which he bequeathed to the town. The supposed winding-sheet of the Savior, now at Turin, was deposited in the castle of Chambéry for a long time, to see which many noted pilgrims resorted thither, among whom was Francis I. of France. The town is dull, and but little to see. There is a cathedral, public library, college, and theatre. of Savoy. Crossing the River Arc we come to the stations of La Chambre St. Julien, where excellent wine is produced, and St. Jean de Maurienne (Hôtel de l'Europe). Population, 3000. The cathedral here is the only object worth the traveler's attention. St. Michel (Hôtel de la Poste), railway restaurant. The need of an unbroken railway between France and Italy had long been strikingly obvious, and has at length been supplied by the opening of the Mont Cenis Tunnel, by means of which the journey from Paris to Turin is at present made in 22 hours, but which is expected eventually to require but 16. The construction of this tunnel, the opening of the Suez Canal, and of the Pacific Railroad, may be regarded as the three great mechanical and commercial events of the nineteenth century. The traveler arriving by rail from Paris, and bound for Italy, has hitherto proceeded from St. Michel over the mountain, passing Modane, Lans-le-Bourg, and the Mont Cenis Hospice, and, descending by Molaretto, has rejoined the railroad at Giaglione. This journey over the mountains required five or six hours, and although the traveler was partially repaid by the sublime scenery of the pass, the safety and convenience of the railroad through the tunnel was wanting. Although the tunnel is named from the Mont Cenis, the track selected is in reality at some distance from the mountain. Starting on the French side from a point above the village of Fourneaux, 3904 feet above the level of the sea, it cuts the mountain between the Col de Fréjus and the Col de la Rône, rising gradually to an elevation of 4377 feet above the sea, and then sloping down to the opening on the Italian side at BardonA nêche, 4334 feet above the sea-level. The tunnel is very well lighted, and the air within is pure and fresh. The boring of the tunnel was attended by most serious engineering difficulties, which were overcome by the energy and ability of Sommeiller, who conducted this arduous undertaking. Two thousand men were constantly employed, the work performed being at first half a yard per day, which afterward increased to more than 10 feet per day. Begun in 1857, the whole mountain A short distance from the town is the villa Les Charmette, where resided for a time Madame de Varens and J. Jacques Rousseau. Madame de Varens was buried in the church of Lemanc. See here the tomb of General de Boigne. Route de Grenoble is the junction for the branch line to Grenoble, which follows the valley of the Isère. Montmélian (Hôtel des Voyageurs). The Castle of Montmélian was long the bulwark of Savoy against France. It was nobly defended by Geoffrey Bens de Cavour against Louis XIII., but subsequently destroyed by Louis XIV. in 1705. very good white wine is produced here. Aignebelle (Hôtel Poste). Most of the inhabitants here are afflicted with the goitre, the situation of Aignebelle being remarkably unhealthy on account of the marshes. The Castle La Charbonnière |