and at

"which he exacted, and to pay his army': "the same time to make a shew of exercising and disciplining his troops, by way of terror to other "nations. This king, after having reigned nine"teen years, died: Beon succeeded him, who

reigned forty-four years: then Apachnas, thirty"six years and seven months: after him Apophis, "sixty-one years: then Ianias fifty years and one "month: and, last of all, Assis forty-nine years "and two months. These six were the first of "their kings; who were always in a state of hostility with the natives; and were endeavouring, "if possible, to root out the very name of an Egyptian. The whole body of this people were "called Huksos, that is, Royal Shepherds. For "the first syllable, in the sacred dialect, signifies a king; as the latter, in the popular language,

66

signifies a shepherd. These two compounded together constitute the word Huksos. These "people are said to have been Arabians."

Josephus, having given us this extract from Manetho, dissents from him in the signification of the above name of the Shepherd Kings; and deduces it from an etymology more agreeable to his own "opinion. He then proceeds to inform us farther

31 He supposes it to signify a captive: which, however, is less applicable to the Israelites than the other title, in the room of which it is substituted.

from Manetho, that the Shepherds maintained themselves in Egypt five hundred and eleven years. At last the people of upper Egypt rose in opposition to them; and under Halisphragmuthosis defeated them; and having beleaguered them in their strong hold "Avaris, after some time expelled them the country: which was effected under the influence of Thummosis, or Tethmosis, as he is called in another place, the son of the former king: that, upon their departure, they were afraid of going towards Assyria; and therefore betook themselves to the country called afterwards Judea, and built Jerusalem.

After this, there occurs at some interval a piece of history relating to another set of people, who were sojourners in Egypt in the reign of Amenophis. These were in absolute subjection to the prince of the country, and treated by him as slaves; because they were infected with the leprosy. As they increased in numbers to a great amount, he employed them in the stone-quarries that were on the east side of the Nile, in company with some of the Egyptians. It is said of this prince, that he longed much to be admitted to the presence of the gods, as Orus, a former king, had been. But it was told him that his wish would never be accom

32 Κατακλεισθηναι δ' εις τόπον αρθρων έχοντα μυριων την περίμετρον Avapiv ovoμa тH TOTW. n. T. λ. Jos. contra Apion, lib. 1. §. 14.

plished, till he purged his land of the distempered people. He sent them therefore to the Arabian quarries and, as they laboured under great inconveniencies in that place, upon a remonstrance made to him, he granted them for a retreat the city 33 Abaris, where the former Shepherds had resided, that now lay desolate. 34 Ησθεντα δε τον βασιλέα, παντας τες τα σωματα λελωβημένες εκ της Αιγυπτε συνα γαγειν γενεσθαι δε τε πλήθος μυριαδας οκτω και τετες εις τας λιθοτομιας τας εν τῷ προς ανατολην μερει τι Νειλε εμβαλειν αυτον.-Των δε ταις λατομίαις ὡς χρόνος ίκανος διήλθεν ταλαιπωρέντων, αξιωθεις ὁ βασιλευς, ίνα προς καταλυσιν αυτοις και σκεπην απομεριση, την τοτε των ποιμένων

ερημωθείσαν πολιν, Αναριν συνεχώρησεν. Εςι δ ̓ ἡ πολις, κατα την θεολογιαν ανωθεν, Τυφώνιος.

The whole quotation from Manetho is too long to be given at large: and it besides contains many confused circumstances, that are not necessary to be related here. Let it suffice, that this people "chose themselves a leader; one who was a priest " of Heliopolis, and whose name was Osarsiph. "He enjoined them to pay no regard to the gods "of the country, nor to the animals which were held sacred by the Egyptians; but to sacrifice

33 It was the city Aburis which was given to them at this season, and for this purpose. Some MSS read Avagir; `but the better have Αβαριν.

34 Josephus contra Apion. lib. 1. 5. 26.

τινα

* and feed indifferently: and not to have any con"nections out of their own community.-In short, "this priest of Heliopolis was the founder of their “ republic, and their lawgiver: and after he had "listed himself with this body of men, he changed “ his name to Moses.” 35 Οι δε εις ταυτην [Αυαριν] εισελθοντες, και τον τοπου τέτον εις αποςασιν εχοντες, ἡγεμονα άυτων λεγομενον των Ηλιοπολιτων ἱερέων Οσαρσιφον έζησαντο και τετῳ πειθαρχήσοντες εν πασιν ὡρκομότησαν. Ὁ δε πρωτον μεν αυτοις νομον εθετο, μητε προσκύνειν θεως, μητε των μαλιςα εν Αιγύπτῳ θεμις ευρ μενων ιερων ζωων απέχεσθαι μηδενος, παντα τε θύειν και αναλουν· συνάπτεσθαι δε μηδενι πλην των συνωμοσμενων Λεγεται δ' ότι την πολιτείαν και τες νόμες αυτοις καταβαλομενος ἱερευς, το γενος Ηλιοπολιτης, ονομα Οσαρσιφ, απο τε εν Ήλια πολει θες Οσίρεως, ὡς μετέβη εις τετο το γενος, μετετέθη τένομα, και προσηγορεύθη 36 Μωϋσης.

From hence we learn that there was a twofold race of people, who sojourned in Egypt: and, however their history may be in some respects confused, yet much light may be obtained from it upon a close examination. They were each of them esteemed Shepherds; as will be found upon farther

35 Joseph. contra Apion. lib. 1. §. 26.

36 We see here the traces of the history both of Joseph and Moses; which are blended together: as they are by almost every writer in profane history who mentions them, or alludes to their

inquiry. The first Shepherds were lords and con querors: the others were servants; and had the very city given them to inhabit, which the first had evacuated. These latter are manifestly a separate and distinct people: and, though they may have some circumstances blended and misplaced; yet, from the name of their leader and lawgiver, it is plain that they were Israelites. As to the first, they are supposed to have been Arabians; and are said to have come from the east. Indeed, every nation, that ever came out of Asia into Egypt, must ultimately come from the east: there being but one way into the country, which was by the Isthmus between the two seas. If this was the sense of Manetho, it was saying nothing. It was a circumstance common to every nation that way, which visited the land of Ham. His meaning was, that they came from a country situated eastward, in respect to that which they came to. They were undoubtedly the Aurite: and the city they founded was Auris, called by the Grecians Avagis and someΑναρις times Aßagis (Avaris and Abaris) by an easy and natural inflection. The city Avaris is no other than the city 37, Ur or Aur, which signifies

37 The Avapus of Tatian, from N. See §. 59. edit. Oxon. 1700. the same as the Qugia of Eupolemus, and the Aquages of Ptolemy Mendesius.