and two in like manner of Greece, were buried alive at Rome in the Or-Market: where was a place under ground, walled round to receive them; which had before been made use of for such cruel

purposes. He says, it was a sacrifice not properly Roman; that is, not originally of Roman institution yet it was frequently practised there, and that too by public authority. Plutarch makes mention of a like instance a few years before, in the consulship of "Flaminius and Furius. There is reason to think, that for a long time, all the principal captives, who graced the triumphs of the Romans, were at the close of that cruel pageantry put to death at the altar of Jupiter Capitolinus. Caius Marius offered up his own daughter for a victim to the Dii Averrunci, to procure success in a battle against the Cimbri; as we are informed by Dorotheus, quoted by " Clemens. It is likewise attested by " Plutarch, who says that her name was Calpurnia. Marius was a man of a sour and bloody disposition; and had probably heard of such sacri

** Δύο μεν Έλληνας, ανδρα και γυναικα, δυο δε Γαλατας ὁμοιως, εν τη καλεμενη βοων αγορα κατορύξαι ζώντας. In Marcello. vol. 4. p. 547. edit. H. Steph. See Dionysius Halicarnass. Histor. lib. 1.

12 Ο δε τοις Αποτροπαίοις Μαριος, ὡς Δωρόθεος εν τη τεταρτη Ιταλικών isope. Clem. Alex. Cohort. ad Gentes.

13 Plutarchi Parallel. 20mum. The name of this person in Plutarch is Manius: whoever it may have been, the fact is the same it takes not at all from the evidence of the history.

fices being offered in the enemies camp, among whom they were very common: or he might have beheld them exhibited at a distance: and therefore murdered what was nearest, and should have been dearest, to him; to counteract their fearful spells, and outdo them in their wicked machinery. Cicero making mention of this custom being common in Gaul, adds, that it prevailed among that people, even at the time when he was 14 speaking: from whence we may be led to infer, that it was then discontinued among the Romans. And we are told by " Pliny, that it had then, and not very long, been discouraged. For there was a law enacted, when Lentulus and Crassus were consuls, so late as the 657th year of Rome, that there should be no more human sacrifices: for till that time those horrid rites had been celebrated in broad day without any mask, or controul: which, had we not the best evidence for the fact, would appear scarce credible.

15

14. His [Gallis] quidquam sanctum ac religiosum videri potest, qui etiam, siquando, aliquo metu adducti, Deos placandos esse arbitrantur, humanis hostiis eorum aras ac templa funestant ?— Quis enim ignorat eos usque ad hanc diem retinere illam immanem ac barbaram consuetudinem hominum immolandorum? Cicero pro Fonteio. § 10. See Philippi Cluverii Germania Antiqua. 1631. Elz. pag. 251. and Grotius de Satisfactione.

15 Cn. Cornelio Lentulo, P. Licinio Crasso Coss. Senatus-consultum factum est, ne homo immolaretur: palamque fuit in tempus illud sacri prodigiosi celebratio. Plin. Nat. Hist. lib. 30. cap. 1.

And however discontinued they may have been for a time, we find, that they were again renewed; though they became not so public, nor so general, For not very long after this, it is reported of 16 Augustus Cæsar, when Perusia surrendered in the time of the second Triumvirate, that besides multitudes executed in a military manner, he offered up upon the Ides of March three hundred chosen persons, both of the Equestrian and Senatorian order, at an altar dedicated to the manes of his uncle Julius. Even at Rome itself this custom was revived: and "Porphyry assures us, that in his time a man was every year sacrificed at the shrine of Jupiter Latiaris. Heliogabalus offered the like victims to the "Syrian deity, which he introduced among the Romans. The same is said of 19 Aurelian.

16 Perusia captá―scribunt quidam, trecentos ex dedititiis electos, utriusque Ordinis, ad aram Divo Julio extructam, idibus Martiis, bestiarum more mactatos. Suetonius in Augusto. cap. 15.

17 Αλλ' ετι και νυν, τις αγνοει κατα την μεγάλην πολιν τη τε Λατιαριο Διος έορτη σφαζόμενον ανθρωπον ; Porph. de Abstin. lib. 2. pag. 226. Et Latio in hodiernum Jovi mediá in Urbe humanus sanguis ingustatur. Tertullian. Gnost. cap. 7.

18 Τω αυτῷ [Ηλιογάβαλῳ] εθνε, παιδας σφαγιαζομενος, και μαγ γανευμασι χρωμενος. Xiphilin. in Heliogab,

19 Capitolium Aurelianus invectus, ut illic cæderet servos, quos eaptos vovisse Jovi Optimo Maximo ferebatur. Vopiscus in Aure

liano.

These customs prevailed in most parts of the Roman empire till the time of Adrian, who took great pains to have them abo

The Gauls, and the Germans were so devoted to this shocking custom, that no business of any moment was transacted among them, without being prefaced with the blood of men. They were offered up to various gods; but particularly to Hesus, Taranis, and Thautates. These deities are mentioned by Lucan, where he enumerates the various nations, who followed the fortunes of Cæsar.

20 Et quibus immitis placatur sanguine diro Thautates; horrensque feris altaribus Hesus; Et Taranis Scythica non mitior ara Dianæ.

The altars of these gods were far removed from the common resort of men: being generally situated in the depth of woods; that the gloom might add to the horror of the operation, and give a reverence to the place and proceeding. The persons devoted were led thither by the Druids, who presided at the solemnity, and performed the cruel offices of the sacrifice. Tacitus takes notice of the cruelty of

21

lished; but could not entirely effect it. Euseb. Præp. Evang. lib. 4. cap. 15. and Pallas quoted by Porphyry. lib. 2. pag. 225. 20 Lucan. Pharsalia. lib. 1. v. 444.

21 Qui sunt affecti gravioribus morbis, quique in præliis periculisque versantur, aut pro victimis homines immolant, aut se immolaturos vovent; administrisque ad ea sacrificia Druidibus utuntur. -Alii immani magnitudine simulacra habent, quorum contexta viminibus membra vivis hominibus complent, quibus succensis, circumventi flamma exanimantur homines. Cæsar de Bello Gallico. lib. 6.

the Hermunduri, in a war with the Catti, wherein they had greatly the advantage: at the close of which they made one general sacrifice of all, that was taken in battle. 2 Victor diversam aciem Marti ac Mercurio sacraverat : quo voto, equi, viri, cuncta victa occidioni dantur. The poor remains of the legions under Varus suffered in some degree the same fate. 23 Lucis propinquis barbare are, apud quas Tribunos, ac primorum ordinum centuriones mactaverant. There were many places destined for this purpose all over Gaul and Germany; but especially in the mighty woods of Arduenna, and the great Hercinian forest; a wild, that extended above thirty days journey in length. The places set apart for this solemnity were held in the utmost reverence; and only approached at particular seasons. Lucan mentions a grove of this sort near Massilia, which even the Roman soldiers were afraid to violate, though commanded by Cæsar. It was one of those set apart for the sacrifices of the country.

24

25 Lucus erat longo nunquam violatus ab ævo, Obscurum cingens connexis aëra ramis.

22 Tacitus. Annal. lib. 13. cap. 57.

23 Ibid. lib. 1. cap. 61.

24 Erici Olai Historia Suecorum Gothorumque. Holmiæ 1654. pag. 2.

25 Lucan. lib. 3. v. 399.