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130. When several nouns singular have the same verb, that verb is sometimes put in the plural number, as Gen. xiv. 1,2;nene wy-by Arioch-Chederlaomer-and Tidal-made war. See Gen. ix. 23. Comp. above rule 117 and 118.

1

131. Nouns of multitude, though singular, may have a verb plural, and though fem. a verb masculine, as Gen. xli. 7. r3D Ino puno boi and all the earth came to Egypt; Deut. ix. 28, lest the land shall say; Job xxx. 12, pip' n the youth rose up. See Exod. xiii. 6, 47. xvi. 1, 2. xvii. 1. xxxv. 20. 1 Chron. xiii. 3. Comp. above rule 119.

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132. A verb singular joined with a noun plural, or a verb plural with a noun singular, often signify distributively, as Joel i. 20, ainyn nhwn nibn the beasts (i. e. each of the beasts) of the fields shall cry; Prov. xxviii. 1, 3 the wicked (every wicked man) flee. See Gen. xliii. 22. Exod. i. 10. Job xii. 7. Jer. ii. 15. xxxv. 14. Comp. above rule 120.

133. The noun masculine plural Dx, when meaning the true God, Jehovah the ever-blessed Trinity, is often joined with verbs singular, to express the unity of essence and operation, as Gen. i. 1, The Aleim created. But comp. rule 127.

134. The pronoun relative N who, which, agrees with its substantive or substantives in gender, number, and person, and governs its verb accordingly, as Ezek. xiii. 19,

no-to slay

the souls which should not die. Here agrees with its substantive fem. plur. 1, and accordingly in, the verb it governs, is put in the feminine plural third person. So Isa. lx. 12, xh hwx nɔhoomi “am 15 17, for the nation and the kingdom, which shall not serve thee, shall perish. Here we having two substantives, one masculine, and the other feminine, its verby is put in the masculine plural third person. See rules 129, 130.

135. The pronoun relative X who, which, is often understood, and that not only when it is governed by the verb, or by a particle (understood) as in English, but also when itself governs the verb; Isa. xliii. 16, I will cause the blind to go in a way wrx (which) they knew not; Exod. vi. 28, and it was in the day 7 (in which) Jehovah spake to Moses; Lam. iii. 1, I am the many (who) hath seen affliction.

136. When the connexive particle 1, and, is prefixed to a verb in the future tense, that verb signifies future in respect to the time of

(not to the time in) which the historian is writing, or the person speaking, as Gen. i. 1, The Aleim & created the heavens and the

*

and then the

shall persuade Japhet,

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earth, ver, 2. and then the Aleim said, ver. 4, Aleim saw, &c. Gen. ix. 27, The Aleim and then he ↑ shall dwell and then Canaan shall be a servant to them. So that when a number of facts are recorded or foretold, the with the sign of the future prefixed to a series of verbs denotes the successive order of the facts.

137. The future is sometimes used in this sense, even where the 1 is not immediately prefixed to the verb, but other words come between, as 2 Sam. xii. 31, nu¡ And thus he afterwards did.

133. Yea where 1 doth not precede at all, as Job i. 5, m'x nvy' nɔɔ '', thus successively did Job all the days; Isa. vi. 2, noɔ' omvi " with two he then covered his face. Comp. Exod. xix, 19. Job i. 7, 11. Eccles. xi. 5.

139. 1 connexive prefixed to verbs often supplies the place of the signs of persons, moods, tenses, and numbers, and makes them take in in signification those of a preceding verb, as and often doth in English; thus Gen. i. 28, and fill ye the earth, and subdue it, for 1033 subdue ye it. (Com. Jud. iv. 6, 7. Ruth iii. 3) Ex. xii. 23, 7 y) and Jehovah shall pass the tense of ay being here taken from the future ye shall not go out, in the preceding verse; Jud. i. 6, and the sons of Keni vy they came up and went, and dwelt, for 1 they went, and 12 they dwelt. Comp. Josh. x. 4. 1 Sam. ii. 28, where

לא תצאו

.see the preceding verse ובחרתי is for ובתר

140. Verbs infinitive are often used as our English verbal nouns in ing; as Gen. ii. 4, mim muy or in the day of Jehovah's making, i. e. when Jehovah made.

141. Verbs infinitive thus applied admit the same pronoun suffixes as nouns; as Gen. iii. 5, pɔhos pra in the day of your eating.

142. Verbs infinitive admit before them the particles 2, 3, 4, D, vid. post. rules 148. 173. 175, 176.

*If it be preceded by a preter time, it is frequently merely conjunctive, but when Vau is preceded by a future or imperative, it is most commonly conversive. But see num. 19 ante, in note, p. 13.

We have no one tense in English which will express this He brew future,

Thus the future is used after 18 then, Exod. xv. 1. Josh. x. 12,

143. Hebrew verbs are frequently joined with their infinitives, which latter may then be rendered as participles active, or as the Latin gerunds in do. This sort of expressions generally, if not always, denote succession or continuance, as Gen. xxii. 17,

blessing or in blessing (Lat. benedicendo) I will bless

thee, and in multiplying (Lat. multiplicando) I will multiply thy seed,

*

i. e. I will continually bless thee, and multiply thy seed; Isaiah vi. 9,

-hear ye in hearing, i. e. be conti שמעו שמוע ואל תבינו וראו ראו ואל תרעו

nually hearing, and ye shall not perceive; and see ye in seeing, i. e. be
continually seeing, and ye shall not know. So Gen. ii. 16, 17, of every
tree of the garden
thou shalt or mayest continually eat; but

of the tree of knowledge of good and evil, thou shalt not eat of it; for in
the day thou eatest thereof pn ID dying thou shalt die, i. e. thou shalt
begin to die, and so continue liable to death temporal and spiritual.

144. The substantive verb 'n is, was, &c. is often omitted in Hebrew, as Gen. i. 2, &c.†

145. Particles in Hebrew have often other particles prefixed; or several particles are joined together in one word.

OF THE USE OF THE SERVILES.

servile

146. Prefixed, from I, forms the first person singular future of all verbs, as po I will visit, from 7p5,

*Or surely, vide ante, num. 269, page 52.

† Vide page 107, num. 642.

Of the serviles, six are called formatives; because, when added to the letters of a root, they may form other words of a kindred sense; as the agent, patient, instrument, &c. Such words are denominated hemantic, from the technical term ', the letters of which are the formatives. Though like all other serviles they may become radicals, and occupy any part of the word; yet the learner is to remember that formatives require no distinct translation, and it may assist him also, when discriminating the root, which should regularly consist only of three letters, to know, that each of the formatives can be placed before the root; & in no other place; generally there, ♪ mostly at the end; and frequently begin words, but are more usually feminine terminations (like in the Chaldee); and that can stand at the beginning, in the middle, or at the end of a word.

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,, and w, when not radicals, can be only prefixes, and though conjoined with the word have respectively some particular sense, or

147. Prefixed, forms many nouns, as 18 a lie, from to deceive; П a native tree, from n to spread.

servile is

148, Prefixed only, in, for, with, upon, of, &c.*

servile,

149. Prefixed, denotes the conjugation Hiphil or Huphal.

150.

is emphatical, the, this, and is an abbreviation of behold! It is often implied, never expressed

, or x, or from after the prefixes 1, 2, .

151.

is vocative or pathetic. O! hearken!

additional idea, as is shown in the following rules; but do not form a simple term expressive of a single idea, which is independent of them. In like manner is not termed by grammarians a formative, yet it may appear in any part of the word without being one of its radical letters; but it always brings with it an additional idea, denoting multitude, action, passion, or the person, &c. as may be seen in the rules which follow. But vide post, rule 162.

> is always a part of the root, when in the middle of a word; when not radical, it either stands in the beginning, and imports likeness or comparison; or if at the end it is the pronoun of the second person and in the singular number.

These observations are made merely to apprize the learner of the great utility of the following rules of Mr. Parkhurst, which embrace perhaps all the varieties of the eleven serviles; and consequently, were it not for the absence and change of the radical letters of defective verbs, and imperfect derivatives, almost the whole of the Hebrew grammar would appear under this head of serviles.

The ancient course has been to begin at the end of the word, and remove every several servile as you advance towards the right; unless it cannot be accounted for, in which case it may be retained as a radical; to restore the commuted or lost radicals; and then to reject the prefixes. Thus on'nDD from their lurking places. Reject by rule 40. Reject' by rule 27. Reject 1 by rule 21., each of them radical, never servile, and are the root, 1D to shut up. Reject the formative by rule 178. And lastly reject the prefix by rule 176. To enable the learner to do this without a teacher is a principal object in making this book.

*From hollow.

Dare

152. Prefixed, expresses a question or doubt, what? whether? 153. Postfixed, is the sign of a feminine noun, as a woman; 71 good (bona.) Comp. rule 17.

154. Postfixed, denotes the third person feminine singular preter of verbs, as po she visited.

155. Postfixed to a verb or noun, from xn or she, it denotes her; as р he visited her, her hand; and sometimes to a noun, his, as Gen. xlix. 11, my his foal, no his garment; Exod. xxii. 3,

his covering.f כסותה,26 .his beast; ver בעירה

156. Postfixed, to or towards, of place or time; as to Succoth.

servile

157. Prefixed, is a connexive particle, and, then, but, because, even, &c. See rule 134.

158. Inserted after the first radical, it denotes the action signified by the root to be present and continued; hence it forms the participle active, as PID visiting, and many nouns in which such action is implied, as a trader, or person trading; the spirit or air breathing or in motion; DV the day or light in agitation (namely by being reflected from the earth); and this not only without, but often with other serviles to the word; thus л Gen. i. 14, are instruments or sconces of light, but n, ver. 15, those sconces actually giving light.

159. Inserted after the second radical, it denotes an action past, and so forms the participle passive, as Tip visited, and many nouns in which such action is implied, as wealth acquired, from w to acquire.

160. Postfixed to a noun, it signifies his, as 1777 his word; to a verb, him, as 1731 he remembered him. Also sometimes their or them. See Exod. xxiii. 23. Deut. iv. 37. vii. 10. xxi. 10. Josh. ii. 4. Ps. xlvi. 4. Isa. v. 25.

161. Postfixed, denotes the third, or in the imperative mood, the second, person plural of verbs..

162. Postfixed, forms the collective noun in'n beasts, from n'n

.Gen. xxxii. 31; comp פניאל for פנואל in פנו Ezek. i. 8, and ידו .comp)

ver. 30: and perhaps in 1 we is formative‡) also some other nouns of a passive signification, as

תה waste, from תהו ;בה

y humble, meek, from ny; na hollow, from

† See Noldii Annot. in Partic. 1392.

Or from 11 to connect together.

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