work escapes their clutches without bearing some marks of transformation. They thus send forth works to the public so changed and mutilated that were the eyes of the author to rest upon them he would no longer recognize them as his own. And in the hands of designing men all this is not unfrequently done for party, sectarian or some other hellish purpose which they think to promote by the sanction of the author's name. Thus to pecuniary loss is added the loss of reputation. Again. Novels and other species of ficti tious writing, being the most popular productions and commanding the most ready and extensive sale, are the works which our publishers usually set afloat upon the surface of society to send abroad their vitiating influence. If the most valuable work and the most paltry novel be simultaneously issued from the English press, the latter would first be given to the American public; nor should we ever hear of the former until its success had been fairly tried; and perhaps not then, if some such thing as Jacob Faithful or Peter Simple should make its appearance into the world. And this is the boasted result of the absence of an international law of copy-right; this is the encouragement given to literature. But it may be asked, Would this evil be arrested by enacting the law proposed? We think it plain that it would. Had our publishers to pay the price of copyright for all the works they reprinted, it is quite certain that they would not be so fond of catching up and reprinting the trashy works of the day. In their purchases they would look beyond those works which are only kept in existence by the first breath of popular applause, and which, like the glow-worm's lamp, are extinguished by the light of day, to works that would afford them a more permanent revenue. The trifling novel and catch-penny, the cheap nonsense of the day, which excite the momentary curiosity of the public and then sink to be forgotten, would be superseded by works of greater value. The interest of the publisher would then be the interest of the community; and so long as there is a coincidence here, we may entertain high hopes that the republic of letters will move triumphantly on.

tably reduce the price of works to the proper standard; I because it is wilful and premeditated; for scarcely any for more than this, it were unreasonable to ask; since one part of the community have no right to receive a benefit at the expense of the other part. If they did not, however, immediately fall to their proper level, they could not, in the very nature of things, for a long period of time, remain far above it; since, where the use of property is free, it is the invariable tendency of industry and capital to flow from the less profitable to the more profitable employment, until the profits of each shall be perfectly equalized. Where then shall we find that great difference in the price of works, for which the advocates of the present system contend? If there be any, it is nothing more than any honest man should wish to pay; a full and ample remuneration of the author. With those, who look upon authors and literary men as incorporeal beings, who can live in the secresy of solitude and in the retirement of the desert, independent of the common necessaries of animal life, I am not disposed to join issue; for I have ever been taught to consider them corporeal in their nature, and composed like other men, of bone and sinew, flesh and blood. If it be true, that their highest aim is not pecuniary emolument, it is none the less true, that without some compensation of the kind, they must ere long cease to have on earth a "local habitation or a name." Having noticed the only argument that favors the present system, let us next consider its general influence on the literature of the day. This we shall find to be evil, and that continually. The first bad consequence to be noticed is, that it places the choice of books into the wrong hands. Since our publishers select the works to be reprinted, they have to a great degree the direction of the reading of the community. They, of course, make selection of such works, as will command the most ready and extensive sale; and in so doing, they answer the demands of one class, while the wants of the more intelligent and cultivated classes are almost entirely neglected. Moreover, there are many most valuable works, which would be brought into wide and free circulation, if once placed before the public, but which our publishers suffer to remain wholly unknown, because the immediate sale of an edition may be doubtful. Consulting merely their own interest, they reprint such works and in such a manner as will yield them the greatest amount of immediate profit; and to judge of the expertness of those panders to the vitiated taste of the age, and of their sphere of usefulness to literature and to science particularly, I may be permitted to cite one out of the innumerable instances which have repeatedly occurred. A shrewd publisher, undertaking to reprint Philip's work on Mineralogy, omitted all the diagrams and scientific characters as he stupidly supposed, to bring down the science to the comprehension of all! Doubtless the same sagacity that suggested this improvemeut, would likewise suggest the propriety of omitting the figures in geometry, to render that science more easy to be acquired; an act, for which he would be highly entitled to the lasting gratitude of all college students; since it would be the means of effectually banishing from the recitation-room that great object of terror, the black board! But this is not the only instance in which ignorant booksellers and publishers have committed literary murder in the first degree; I call it first degree,

But the most pernicious consequence flowing from the absence of an international-law of copyright is the poor encouragement given to native authors. From what has already been said concerning the operation of the present system, it is plain to perceive that this is far from being an idle or unmeaning assertion. Within a few days' sail there is a nation of authors who speak and write our own language, and whose productions can be procured free from all cost. Hence our publishers, true to the selfishness of human nature, are wholly engaged in reprinting the works of foreigners; nor could it be otherwise; for that publisher would be indeed foolish and short-sighted, who would pay a native author a fair price for the copyright of a work which he was not sure of selling if printed, when he can obtain for nothing the work of some English author of such well known popularity that the sale of an edition is certain. Such is the operation of the present system-militating directly against the cause it was designed to promote. Of our authors, those alone of established reputation receive a remuneration for their labors. The youthful aspirant to literary honors meets

Combativeness gives us courage to face danger and resist ag

LECTURES ON PHRENOLOGY AND ITS APPLICATION. gression. Destructiveness gives us the desire and disposition to

BY GEO. COMBE, ESQ.

Reported for the New Yorker.

LECTURE V.

DESTRUCTIVENESS.

This organ is situated immediately above and extends a little backward and forward from the external opening of the ear, and gives to that part breadth in proportion to its size. In graminivorous animals, only a small portion of the brain lies behind the external opening of the ear; while in the carnivorous, a considerably larger mass is situated there. This is well shown by exhibiting the difference in this respect between this skull of the young lion, and this, the skull of the roebuck. This is the skull of a fox; this of a sheep; this of a cat; this of a dog; this of a horse; this of a savage baboon. You notice in all that those of the carnivora are broadest just over the ear, whereas those of the herbivore are generally broadest higher up. You notice too that the former are all much broader in proportion to their size than the latter. By the difference in this part of the skull alone these two classes of animals are readily distinguishable from each other.

Dr. Gall early noticed this appearance, but drew no particular conclusion from it, till one gentleman sent him the skull of a parricide, and another sent him the skull of a highwayman who, not content with robbing, murdered his victims. On comparing these, he found them both very wide here. This fact, in connection with his previous observations on the skulls of animals, led him to conclude that in this region was situated an organ which gives the disposition to kill. At first his mind revolted at the idea; but finding, on still further examination, that Nature spoke unequivocally, he was forced to believe her. This organ he called by a French name-instinct du meurtre-which signifies propensity to kill, but which was ignorantly translated into English by the word murder. This blunder was the cause of infinite

abuse.

This faculty has called forth much declamation. Can it be possible, say the declaimers, that God has implanted such a pro. pensity in the human mind? I observe, in the first place, that others besides Phrenologists have acknowledged the existence of such a propensity. Lord Kaimes names it as the "appetite for hunting." It has been said, indeed, that the pleasure of hunting is in the pursuit and the consequent emulation; but this is not so. I have asked hunters whether, if some machine could be invented to fly before them as the game now does, they would feel the same pleasure in pursuit. The answer has always been in the negative: some animal must suffer, or little pleasure would ensue.

hurl destruction on the aggressor. Those in whom it is large take a kind of pleasure in seeing scenes of suffering, at the sight of which those in whom it is small would be agonized. Thus humane and even cultivated individuals experience pleasure in witnessing executions. They would not put a man to death, but if one is to be put to death they think it no harm to look on and enjoy the performance. It is always found large in good operating surgeons; medical gentlemen in whom it is small, though possessed of all the requisites of knowledge and skill, would refuse-nay, would be unable-to operate. We see, then, that this organ is absolutely necessary even to perform the behests of Benevolence. I knew a clergyman who had very small Destructiveness, and who could not bear to see a person bled. His son was taken with inflammation of the lungs the physician was sent for, and proceeded to bleed immediately, telling the father that he should want his assistance. The minister screwed up his courage, remained till the operation was performed, and then fainted away.

This organ is always large in cool and deliberate murderers, such as Agnes Clark and John Bellingham, whose heads I now show you. Bellingham murdered Percival, the English Minister, in 1811, by deliberately shooting him in the lobby of the House of Commons. In this see how wide! it is the skull of the woman Gottfried, who, though in easy circumstances, murdered in a series of years both her parents, her children, two husbands, and six other persons. She poisoned them by small doses of arsenic ; yet by their death-beds she would stand seemingly in an agony of grief, yet in reality gloating over their protracted torments. See the size in the head of Hare, who assisted Burke to murder sixteen persons for the sake of selling their bodies for dissection, and who, after his bloody deeds, would sleep as undisturbedly as though he had been merely killing a pig. This is the head of a man of Belfast who murdered his father. The jury that tried him very properly returned, in conformity with the evidence, a verdict of insanity. He was accordingly confined to an asylum, from which, after some period of correct conduct, he was liberated, notwithstanding his terrific organization. He proceeded to Liverpool, where for a deed of violence he was immediately arrested, and after trial transported to New South Wales. I expect that the next we hear about him will be that he has there committed some dreadful deed.

Contrast these skulls with that of the Hindoo. How small this is in comparison; and yet it is of the average size of these people. The Hindoos are notorious for their dislike of putting animals to death. In some parts, indeed, they have hospitals for the reception and maintenance of sick animals. Here is the head of a Flat-head Indian; see how large in this region! Here is one of a Charib, which is still more developed. In these heads you will notice that large Destructiveness is combined with small reflective and moral faculties. Its large size, in proper combination, is quite compatible with high moral character. Here, for example, is the head of Captain Parry, in whom it is large, but in whom the intellectual faculties and moral sentiments preponderate. It is large, too, in Spurzheim, as you may perceive by this cast, yet he was an amiable philosopher.

Satire is a combination of this faculty with wit. It must have been large in Byron. It gives point, too, to that sarcastic, cutting speech, which is so unpleasant to those who are the subject of it. Some swear with a heartiness which others cannot imitate. In these, Destructiveness is found large. It gives a force and energy to their imprecations which those who think swear

Poets and authors who delineate human nature are familiar with this feeling. Sir Walter Scott describes its abuse as "the ruffian thirst for blood." The author of Recollections of the Peninsula says, that not only soldiers, but others, "talk with an undefined pleasure about carnage." I have met with young men of good moral qualities whose thoughts ran habitually on killing and slaughtering. The impulse was restrained, but they confessed that to smash and slay would give them great momentary gratification. In them the organ was decidedly large. In regarding the scene of creation, we perceive all living being manly, but whose Destructiveness is small, vainly strive to ings destined to destruction. And this has ever been the case, so far as we can trace the history of the earth, which informs us that various races of animals and vegetables have successively been destroyed. The works of art are subject to the destroying hand of time; man himself is destined to destruction. He is surrounded, too, by animals bent on destruction. Moreover, he has received a stomach fitted to digest animal food, and a bodily system which such food is fitted to nourish and preserve. To gratify this appetite, he must deprive animals of life by sudden destruction, as their flesh is unwholesome if they die of old age or disease. To place man on earth, therefore, without an organization fitting him for those circumstances of his condition, would have been any thing but indicative of supreme wisdom and beneficence. By this organ of Destructiveness he is put in apposition with his own destiny and that of the external world.

imitate. There is a softness, a roundness about their imprecations which completely destroys their effect. This organ is the fountain of invective. In Parliament, we find some men with it and language very large; and their speeches were complete torrents of invective-often of nothing else. Yet after such a speech, the newspapers are full of laudatory remarks: "such energy!" "such torrents of invective!" "such manly eloquence!" they cry out. For my own part, I no more admire Destructiveness manifested in this way than when manifested by blows.

With due reverence, I must be allowed to say, that I have noticed preachers in whom this organ is very large to dwell principally on the threatenings of the gospel-on "the worm that never dies, and the fire that is never quenched." From those in whom Benevolence is large and this organ small, such threat

enings are very rarely heard. Preachers of the first class mis- if by relating the circumstances I can draw attention to the subtake, it seems to me, the fervors of Destructiveness for the inspi-ject and prevent repetitions of such manifest wrong, the relation rations of moral eloquence, and, while they gratify the stern, will be serviceable. Like cases are very numerous in the anthey harrow up the feelings of the amiable and susceptible. nals of criminal jurisprudence. Phrenology will be very serviceable by teaching men the secret fountains of their emotions, and that what is gratifying to them is not necessarily gratifying to others.

Those in whom this organ is small are often deficient in proper indignation. A community of such men would be a prey to the profligate and unprincipled. Contumely and suffering would inevitably be their portion. If aggressors visit a community in whom exists a proper endowment of this faculty, destruction is hurled upon their heads, and others are kept aloof by the terror which such a manifestation of this feeling inspires.

Some say, Granting that a man is mad, if he be inclined to commit murder, he is best out of the way. But madness is a disease; and it would be quite as just and humane to hang a man for having the yellow fever, because he was liable to infect his neighbors. Besides, it makes a vast difference to a man's family whether he be hanged or confined as a lunatic. The latter may be borne with resignation, but the former overwhelms with a feeling of mortification and a sense of infamy. Justice, then, not only to the maniac, but to his relatives and friends, demands that we should be careful in our judgments. And let no man treat this subject as one which does not concern him. None of us know but that ourselves or some member of our families, or some one in the list of our friends and associates, may soon be affected in like manner. Individuals who commit murder or set fire to property without

It was exceedingly amusing to see the ebullitions of wit which writers perpetrated against Phrenology on account of this or gan, about the same time that the legislature found it necessary to enact laws to curb its activity. Thus the statute 3d, George IV. chap. 71, ordains-that "if any person or persons shall wan tonly and cruelly beat, abuse or ill-treat any horse, mare, geld-rational motive, often ascribe their actions to the temptation of ing," &c. he shall pay certain penalties to the king.

the devil; they say that he never ceases to whisper in their ears exhortations to mischief. Diseased activity of this organ, filling the mind with the desire to destroy, probably gives rise to such impressions.

It is the great size of this organ and Combativeness which inspires men with such a sympathy for war. Of this sympathy we, a short time ago, had an example in this country. The boundary question was agitated, and every mouth breathed Destructiveness is the great fountain of passion; its natural war. The excitement has now passed away, and many are as-language is to give a sort of wriggling motion to the head like tonished now, as I was then, at the violence of their emotions. that of a dog in the act of worrying. The foot is stamped and One great use of Phrenology is to indicate the source of our the face wears a howling expression, and the body is drawn up feelings, and to show us that the propensities ought never to act towards the head. In Dr. Chalmers it is very large; and when as the controllers but merely as the servants of reason and the it is operative in his speeches, he clinches every thing with a higher sentiments. I met in Edinburgh a young American who blow. When preaching against sin, it seems as though he were said that the United States equalled any European nation in eve- endeavoring to pound it out of mankind. Here you see it strongly ry thing excepting military glory, and that a great war, which manifested in a scene of matrimonial strife: the woman is darwould afford them an opportunity for acquiring it, would be a ing her husband, and he stands with his head bent forward, his national blessing. I told the young man that his organs of Com- fists clenched but retracted, his countenance peculiarly expres. bativeness and Destructiveness were probably large, which was sive of the power which he has to exercise in order to prevent proved by examination; and added that he was merely mista-passion from boiling over and relieving itself by blows. `If, in a king his own propensities for the wishes and interests of his

nation.

friendly converse with a person in whom this organ is large and Secretiveness small, one happens to touch on some irritating topic, in an instant the softness of Benevolence, and the courtesy of Love of Approbation, are gone, and the hoarse growl of Destructiveness ushers in a storm.

ALIMENTIVENESS.

This organ is sometimes diseased. This is a most important point in jurisprudence. When inflamed, there is an exalted man. ifestation of its function, and a disposition to burn, kill and destroy. Violence or murder may be committed, and we may hang the person for disease. Against sending men to the gallows under such circumstances Phrenologists protest. A man in a village in Scotland was observed to enter a cottage and presently come out and walk deliberately away. He was thought to be a beggar, and no further notice was taken of the circumstance till an hour or two afterwards, when a neighbor entered the cottage and found the old woman who resided there, lying on the floor with her skull cleft in two by means of a hatchet. It is an important fact that not the slightest article had been stolen. The man was pursued, taken, and brought to trial. The evidence was such that no doubt remained on my mind that the prisoner was a monomaniac. I mentioned this to Mr. C., the attorney for the crown, a very worthy and amiable man, but he could not understand the force of my representations, and my efforts were in vain. A petition was sent to the crown that the man might be confined in a mad-house instead of being hanged, but the petition was refused. The day before that appointed for his execution, Mr. C. asked me if I still considered the man insane. I replied, "Certainly I do." At two o'clock in the morning of the day on which he was to be executed, he sent for the mayor of the city for the purpose of making some important confessions. The mayor went, when the man commenced the relation of a whole list of atrocious murders. He said he had killed a child at such a time in such a street of Edinburgh-a man at such another place-and so he kept on, enumerating six or eight murders in the country, in the most circumstantial man-phia. The one was a skull of a Dutch Admiral, who died at ner. The mayor sent for the superintendent of the police and related the man's confessions, asking him if they could be true, seeing that no such murders had ever been heard of. The superintendent said it was impossible. They were then convinced that the man was staring and glaringly mad; but at that time no person in Scotland had power to stay the execution, so the poor maniac was taken out at eight o'clock the same morning and hanged. I met Mr. C. some time afterward, and asked him what he then thought of the case. "The fact is," said he, "it was an ugly business, and the less is said about it the better." But

That the appetite for food is an instinct not referable to any of the recognized faculties of the mind early occurred to Gall: but neither he nor Spurzheim discovered its situation. In the sheep, the olfactory nerves are perceived to terminate in two cerebral convolutions, lying at the base of the middle lobe of the brain, adjoining and immediately below the situation of Destructiveness in carnivorous animals. This fact gave rise to the idea that this part of the brain may be the organ which prompts these animals to take nourishment. Subsequent observations made by various individuals have proved that there is in man an organ of appetite for food, situated in the zygomatic fossa.

The stomach is to this organ, what the eye is to the sense of seeing. Cut off the communication between it and the brain, and appetite will be lost. This has been tried. A dog was kept without food till he was ravenous with hunger; the pneumogastric nerve was then divided, and the sensation left him at once. A number of cases have occurred, in which a gluttonous appetite existed during life, and these convolutions were found, after death, ulcerated. Dr. Caldwell thinks the burning desire of the drunkard to arise from disease of this organ, and recommends it to be treated with bleeding, cold water, quiet, and attention to diet.

That this is the organ of alimentiveness has been confirmed by Vimont, and since coming to this country, I have seen two strong proofs of it in the collection of Dr. Norton of Philadel

Java in consequence of excessive eating, in which the organ is very much developed; but it is still larger in this, the skull of a convict of New South Wales, who murdered seven people in the woods and ate them.

In the Annals of Physiological Medicine, an account is given of a girl who from infancy exhausted the milk of all her nurses and ate four times as much as other children. At the Saltpétrière she ate eight or ten pounds of bread daily as her ordinary quantity; but she had fits of hunger two or three times a month, during which she devoured twenty-four pounds of bread. She

went one day into the kitchen of a rich family where a dinner | prying curiosity of others. When Napoleon,' says, Sir Walter party was expected, and devoured the soup prepared for twenty guests, together with eight pounds of bread! On another occasion she drank all the coffee prepared for seventy-five of her companions in the Saltpétrière! Her skull is small, but the propensities predominate, and alimentiveness is largely developed. Many similar instances of voracity are recorded by medical writers. In these cases the food passes undigested. You may generally tell those in whom this organ is large by the interest they take in the table. This organ has been marked as probable, but I now consider it established.

LOVE OF LIFE.

That this feeling is manifested in different degrees by different

individuals is certain, the bravest men being sometimes excessively attached to life, while the most timid are often indifferent to death. I know a man, in rather poor circumstances, who declared that his attachment to life was such, that he would rather live in torment forever than suffer annihilation. Another, who was present, and a much more fortunate man, said he could not conceive the feeling which would lead to such an expression. Dr. Combe had a patient who showed extraordinary anxiety about death. In her he found an enormous development of one convolution at the base of the middle lobe of the brain, and the skull showed a corresponding very deep and distinctly moulded cavity. From the situation of the convolution its development cannot be ascertained during life. In the Hindoos carelessness about the continuance of life is wonderful. It is often necessary to subject them to punishment in order to induce them to take ordinary pains for self-preservation. If fatigued on a march, they ask no greater boon than to be allowed to lie down and repose with every chance of being devoured by the wild beasts, or of being overtaken and slain by the pursuing enemy. That species of hypochondria which consists in morbid fear of death, is probably produced by a disease of this organ. Love of life is strongly manifested in the scene between Rob Roy's wife and

Morrison.

SECRETIVENESS.

This organ is situated exactly in the centre of the lateral part of the cranium, and lies immediately above Destructiveness. Dr. Gall, in early youth, was struck with the character and form of the head of one of his companions, who was distinguished for cunning and finesse. Although a staunch friend, he experienced great pleasure in deceiving his school-fellows. Dr. Gall says his natural language was absolutely expressive of cunning, and such as we see in cats and dogs when in playing they want to give each other the slip. At a subsequent period he became acquainted with another who was not only cunning but perfidious, and his temples swelled out in the same manner as the last person's. His expression was that of a cat watching a mouse. At Vienna he became acquainted with a physician having a similar development of this region, and he often told Gall that he knew no pleasure equal to that of deceiving. He carried his tricks so far that the Government warned the public, through the medium of the public prints, to beware of him. From these facts Gall concluded that there is a primitive tendency toward cunning in the human mind, and that its organ is situated in the region before described. By a great number of observations this conjecture was fully confirmed.

Scott, thought himself closely observed, he had the power of
discharging from his countenance all expression save that of an
indefinite smile, and presenting to the curious investigator the
fixed eyes and rigid features of a marble bust.'
'A fool,' says
Solomon, uttereth all his mind; but a wise man keepeth it till
afterward.'. Scott's character of Louis XI., in Quentin Durward,
is a fine delineation of the predominance of this feeling. He
was,' says he, calm, crafty, and profoundly attentive to his own
interest. He was careful in disguising his real sentiments and
purposes from all who approached him, and frequently used the
expressions, that the king knew not how to reign who knew
not how to dissemble;' and that, for himself, if he thought his
very cap knew his secrets he would throw it into the fire.' Like
all astutious persons he was as desirous of looking into the se-
crets of others as of concealing his own."

This organ is found large, as you see, in the bust of Robert Bruce. Those who have it very large look upon life as one great stratagem, and upon cunning as wisdom. I knew an English lady who was very amiable, but who had a stratagem for the smallest thing. Pope, according to Lady Montague, played the diplomatist about cabbages and turnips, and Johnson says of him that he hardly drank tea without a stratagem. I knew a gentleman, a resident of a village east of Edinburgh, in whom it was very large, and who was so desirous of doing every thing secretly that when he had to go to Edinburgh he would walk west, without coat, out of the village, and by a turn come round to the Edinburgh road, where a person would be waiting with the absent part of his clothing. He would thus be able to go to Edinburgh without any of the village knowing, and, I suppose, without any of them caring. It is said a tailor lived next door this tailor passed his time, but could not learn till one night he with as much secretiveness as he. He long wished to know how fixed a ladder, got to the top of the house, removed two or three tiles, and saw him at work in his garret.

Secretiveness is large in the English, who seclude themselves and surround their houses and gardens with high walls, and are reserved about their history or affairs. It is small in the French, who are very communicative, and pass most of their lives in public. When Secretiveness is large, joined to small Conscien tiousness, it prompts to lying; joined to large Acquisitiveness, it prompts to stealing. Merchants in whom it predominates, and whose circumstances are declining, frequently conceal their difficulties from their family till bankruptcy bursts upon them like an explosion. They then plead as an excuse for their conduct a regard for the feelings of their relatives, but the real springs of their conduct are overweening Self-esteem, which hates to acknowledge misconduct or misfortune, and inordinate Secretiveness, which is instinctively averse from candid communication. Humor is a combination of wit and Secretiveness. Hence the English and Italians, in whom this organ is large, are very fond of it. The French, in whom it is small, think humor buffoonery, and cannot appreciate it. It gives authors the power of hiding the plot till its denouement. Its size in La Fontaine is enormous. It is large in artists and actors. It enables actors to conceal their real characters and put forth the natural language of the assumed one, and without this the words might be repeat. ed, but they would not be charged with the required feeling.

This is the head of Ann Ross, in whom, as you see, Secretiveness and Firmness are very greatly developed. She practised various deceptions for the purpose of exciting sympathy and obtaining relief; but her impositions being discovered she was discarded. She was shortly afterward admitted into Richmond

The various faculties of the mind are liable to involuntary activity from internal causes, as well as from external excitement. Acquisitiveness inspires with strong desire for wealth, language for utterance, tone for music. If outward expression were given to these feelings as they arise, social intercourse would be dis-hospital with her wrist severely ulcerated. Dr. Carmichael and figured with a rude assemblage of gross or ridiculous impropri others attended her, but no remedial course seemed to afford recties. There needs some ever-prompting feeling to curb in these lief. At length the disease became so bad that amputation was instinctive impulses until the judgment shall decide upon the proposed and submitted to without flinching. On examining the propriety of utterance. This curb is supplied by Secretiveness. arm afterward it was found full of needles which she had purShakspeare, to whom I often recur for accurate and striking de-posely stuck there. It is said that she appeared more mortified scriptions of the manifestation of feeling, has well portrayed this feature of the mind. Iago says:

"Utter my thoughts? Why, say they are vile and false-
As where 's that place whereinto foul things
Sometimes intrude not? Who has a breast so pure
But some uncleanly apprehensions

Keep leets and law-days, and in session sit,
With meditations lawful?"

Secretiveness is an essential ingredient in a prudent character.
It serves as a restraint upon ourselves and a shield against the

VOL. V.-85

at the discovery of the trick than afflicted by the loss of her arm. They did not inform her of the discovery till after she had recovered, and when they did it struck her to the ground. I saw the woman after the amputation had been performed.

The natural language of Secretiveness is a furtiveness of look, a soft manner of speech, from suppression of other faculties or propensities, a close mouth, and eyes partly closed, leaving as small a chink as possible, enabling the owner to look out but preventing the world from looking in. Here is a French drawing called Hush: the mouth is shut and the finger upon the