1560. ligion, the great disservice of the Church, and the perpetual AN.REG. 2, ignominy of themselves for that horrible sacrilege1. Jewel's Chal 16. It is now time that we hoise sail for England, where Bishop we shall find an entertainment made ready for us in a sermon lenge. preached by reverend Jewel, then newly consecrated Bishop of the Church of Sarisbury; the sermon preached at St Paul's Cross on the 31st of March, being Passion-Sunday, or the Sunday fortnight before Easter, the text or theme of his discourse being taken out of St Paul's 1st Epistle to the Corinthians, chap. xi. ver. 23.-"That which I delivered to you I received of the Lord," &c. Which text being opened, and accommodated to the present times, he published that memorable challenge, which so much exercised the pens and studies of the Romish Clergy, by whom the Church had been injuriously upbraided with the imputation of novelty, and charged with teaching such opinions as were not to be found in any of the ancient Fathers, or approved Councils, or any other monument of true antiquity, before Luther's time. For the stopping of whose mouths for ever, this learned prelate made this stout and gallant challenge in these following words3. BISHOP JEWEL'S CHALLENGE. "IF any learned man of our adversaries, or all the learned men that be alive, be able to bring any one sufficient sentence out of any old Catholic Doctor or Father, or general Council, or Holy Scripture, or any one example in the primitive Church, 1 For details of the Irish spoliations, see Mant, i. 280, seqq.; Bramhall, 1. xviii, lxxxi, lxxxix, xc. Heylyn had probably seen in MS. the letter to Laud, in which Bramhall states, A. D. 1633, that "the Earl of Cork holds the whole bishoprick of Lismore, at the rent of 40s., or five marks, by the year." 1. lxxxi. 2 Edd. "30th." "It would appear that this Challenge was first given at Paul's Cross on the 26th of November, 1559, when Jewel was bishop elect of Salisbury, but before his confirmation and consecration, which took place in the following January." (Cardwell, Doc. Ann. i. 255.) "The Sermon, with the Challenge amplified, was preached at the Court, March 17, 1560, and repeated at Paul's Cross, March 31." Note in Jewel, ed. Park. Soc. i. 3. The original Challenge contained only the first fifteen articles, ib. 21. It was on occasion of the second preaching,—that at Court, that Cole's attack was made. Jelf's note on Jewel, i. 3. 3 Jewel, ed. Park. Soc. i. 20-21; ed. Jelf, i. 30-32. 1560. AN. REG. 2, whereby it may clearly and plainly be proved, during the first six hundred years: 1. That there was at that time any private Mass in the world; 2. Or that there was then any Communion ministered unto the people under one kind; 3. Or that the people had their Common Prayer in a strange tongue that the people understood not; 4. Or that the Bishop of Rome was then called an universal Bishop, or the head of the universal Church; 5. Or that the people were then taught to believe that Christ's body is really, substantially, corporally, carnally, or naturally in the Sacrament; 6. Or that his body is or may be in a thousand places or more at one time; 7. Or that the Priest did then hold up the Sacrament over his head; 8. Or that the people did then fall down and worship it with godly honour; 9. Or that the Sacrament was then or now ought to be hanged up under a canopy; 10. Or that in the Sacrament, after the words of Consecration, there remain only the accidents and shews, without the substance, of bread and wine; 11. Or that then the Priest divided the Sacrament into three parts, and afterwards received himself all alone; 12. Or that whosoever had said the Sacrament is a figure, a pledge, a token or a 13 remembrance of Christ's body, had therefore been judged for 3) an heretic; 13. Or that it was lawful then to have thirty, twenty, fifteen, ten, or five masses said [in one Church] in one day; 14. Or that images were then set up in the Churches, to the intent the people might worship them; 15. Or that the lay people were then forbidden to read the word of God in their own tongue; 16. Or that it was then lawful for the Priest to pronounce the words of Consecration closely, or in private2 to himself; 17. Or that the Priest had then authority to offer up Christ unto his Father; 18. Or to communicate and receive the Sacrament for another, as they do; 19. Or to apply the virtue of Christ's death and passion to any man by the means of the Mass; 20. Or that it was then thought a sound doctrine to teach the people, that Mass ex opere operato, that is, even for that it is said and done, is able to remove any part of our sin; 21. Or that any Christian man called the Sacrament the Lord his God3; 22. Or that the people were then taught to believe that the body of Christ remaineth in the Sacrament, as long as the accidents of bread and wine remain 2 "and in silence." 3 "his Lord and God." "they." 1560. there without corruption; 23. Or that a mouse, or any other AN. REG.2, worm or beast, may eat the body of Christ, (for so some of our adversaries have said and taught); 24. Or that when Christ said Hoc est corpus meum, the word hoc pointed not the bread, but individuum vagum, as some of them say; 25. Or that the accidents, or forms, or shews of bread and wine be the Sacraments of Christ's body and blood, and not rather the very bread and wine itself; 26. Or that the Sacrament is a sign or token of the body of Christ that lieth hidden underneath it; 27. Or that ignorance is the mother and cause of true devotion' [and obedience]:-the conclusion is, that I shall be then content to yield and subscribe." 17. This Challenge, being thus published in so great an auditory, startled the English Papists both at home and abroad, -none more than such of the fugitives as had retired to Lovain, Doway, or Saint Odomar's, in the Low-Country provinces belonging to the King of Spain. The business first agitated by the exchange of friendly letters betwixt the said reverend Prelate and Dr Henry Cole, the late Dean of St Pauls; more violently followed in a book of Rastal's2, who first appeared in the lists against the Challenger. Followed therein by Dorman 3 and Marshal1, who severally took up the cudgels to as little purpose; the first being well beaten by Nowels, and the last by Calfhil, in their discourses writ against them. But they were 1 This was a dictum uttered by Cole at the Westminster disputation. Jewel to P. Martyr, in Cardwell, Conferences, 96; Works, ed. Park. Soc. i. 57. 2 "Confutation of a Sermon pronounced by Mr Jewel at Paul's Cross," Antw. 1564. Tanner, Bibliotheca, 617. 3 "A proof of certain Articles in Religion denied by Mr Jewel." Antw. 1564. "A Request to Mr Jewel, that he keep his promise made by solemn protestation in his late Sermon at Paul's Cross," 1567, &c. Tanner, Bibl. 232. "A Treatise of the Cross, gathered out of the Scriptures, Councils, and Antient Fathers of the Primitive Church." Antw. 1564. 5 "A Reproof of a book entitled A Proof of certain Articles," &c. Lond. 1565. The controversy between Nowell and Dorman ran to some length. Tanner, 553. See below, vi. 12; Strype, Ann. i. 540. Calfhill, however, is not a writer with whom Heylyn would have had much sympathy, if he had read his " Answer to Martial's Treatise of the Cross." The work has been learnedly and impartially edited for the Parker Society by the Rev. R. Gibbings. 1560. AN.REG. 2, only velitations1, or preparatory skirmishes in reference to the main encounter, which was reserved for the reverend Challenger himself and Dr John Harding, one of the Divines of Lovain, and the most learned of the College. The combatants were born in the same county, bred up in the same grammarschool, and studied in the same university also: so that it may be said of them, as the historian hath of Jugurth and Sylla under Caius Marius,-that is to say, that they both learned those feats of arms in the same camp, and under the same commander, which afterwards they were to exercise against one another2. Both zealous Protestants also in the time of King Edward, and both relapsed to Popery in the time of Queen Mary-Jewel for fear, and Harding upon hope of favour and preferment by it3. But Jewel's fall may be compared to that of Saint Peter, which was short and sudden; rising again by his repentance, and fortified more strongly in his faith than before he was: but Harding's like to that of the other Simon, premeditated and resolved on; never to be restored again—(so much was there within him of "the gall of bitterness”)—to his former standing. But some former differences had been between them in the Church of Sarisbury', whereof the one was Prebendary, and the other Bishop, occasioned by the Bishop's visitation of that Cathedral, in which as Harding had the worst, so was it a presage of a second foil which he was to have in this encounter. Who had the better of the day, will easily appear to any that consults the writings; by which it will appear how much the Bishop was too hard for him at all manner of weapons. Whose learned answers, as well in maintenance of his "Challenge," as in defence of his " Apology,”(whereof more hereafter)—contain in them such a magazine of all sorts of learning, that all our controversors since that time 131 303 1 "Edd. "velilations." 2 "Quo quidem tempore [scil. Numantino bello] juvenes adhuc Jugurtha et Marius, sub eodem Africano militantes, in iisdem castris didicere quæ postea in contrariis facerent." Vell. Paterc. ii. 9. The illustration is borrowed from the Life (by Featley; see Fuller's Abel Redivivus, Intr. § 11, and p. 313, ed. Camb. 1651) of Jewel, prefixed to the folio edition, 1609; but the error as to the persons is Heylyn's own. have furnished themselves with arguments and authority AN.REG. 2, from it'. 1560. 18. But these discourses came not out until some years after2, though the occasion was given now by this famous Challenge; the interval being spent in preparations by the Romish party, before they shewed themselves in public. In the mean time, the Papists, mad enough before, seemed to grow more outrageous upon this occasion, though they were willing to impute it to some other cause. Philip of Spain shewed himself much incensed against her, as well for altering the religion here by him established, as for refusing him in marriage when the offer had been made unto her by the Count of Feria; nor was the Count less troubled at it than the King. And in this melancholy humour he employs all his interess with the Pope then being for subjecting her unto a sentence of excommunication3. Which motion if it had been pressed on Pope Paul the Fourth, who seemed very much displeased at her for accepting the Crown without his consent, there is no question to be made but that it had been hearkened to with a listening ear, and executed with a rash and ungoverned hand. But Paul the Fourth deceased about the middle of August in the year last past, and John Angelo, Cardinal of Medices, succeeded him, by the name of Pope Pius the Fourth, in December following. Who, being a more moderate man, did not think fit to proceed to such extremities; for, seeing that his power was a thing rather consisting in the conceits of men than in truth and substance, if it should once appear that this thunderbolt of excommunication (whereby the world is so much terrified), should prove ineffectual and without all power, then might this great authority fall into contempt, and become ridiculous. Upon which ground he goes another way to work, and is resolved to try all fair and plausible means for gaining her to the obedience of the See Apostolic. To which end he Pius IV. directs unto her an affectionate letter, in which he calls her Queen. his "dearest daughter," and seems exceeding careful of her For a collection of testimonies to this great controversialist, see the Quarterly Review, Vol. Ixix. pp. 476-7. 2 Harding's book appeared in 1564; Jewel's answer in the latter part of 1565. Jewel, ed. Park. Soc. i. Advertisement, and p. 85. writes to the |