PETRIFIED BEACH. 131 ment for this recently formed rock has The shore bounding this plain was been derived; and, perhaps, wherever the petrified beach occurs, a similar mode of accounting for it might be furnished by an attentive investigation of the adjacent strata. In the island of Rhodes there are hills of pudding-stone considerably elevated above the sea: I have fragments of it which cannot be distinguished from those we had detached from the beach of Selinty, or from that of port Raphti in once a gravel beach; but, from the upper part of the slope to some distance into the sea, it is now a solid crust of pudding-stone, from one to two feet in thickness. This petrified beach is not peculiar to the plain of Selinty: many instances of it, on a smaller scale, had been alredy observed on the coasts of Asia Minor, and a few in some parts of Greece; and I have been informed that an example of it also occurs in Sicily. Greece; except that its consolidation is Being generally covered with loose sand rather more complete, which may possiand pebbles, it presents to the eye no exbly arise from the greater pressure of the traordinary appearance; but the unwary incumbent weight, and from its longer boat that should mistake it for a common exposure to the air. It is remarkable beach of yielding materials, and should that a horizontal stratum of stone-marl run upon it before a following surf, might appears to have once covered these hills. be fatally apprized of its error. The spe- At Cape Krio, the ancient Cnidus, there cimens from various places that I have is also much calcareous breccia, which is examined, differ but little from each extremely hard: the base of one of the other: gravel predominates in some, temples is composed of it, though the coarse sand in others, or they lie in al- superstructure is of marble. At Phaseternate layers of each. The pebbles in all is we found a patch of the petrified are more or less rounded; but the more beach, and again at a few miles to the jagged and angular they are, the stronger eastward of Alaya; where, being thin, is the aggregate. The gravel is a collection of a great variety of different species, though the greater part of them seem to be calcareous. The cement or paste by which they are united is likewise calcare ous, and so tenacious, that a blow saffi cient to break the mass, more frequently fractures even the quartz pebbles, than dislodges them from their bed. the sea has undermined and blown it up in several places, leaving the subordinate gravel in its natural state. It is, however, needless to enumerate here all the places where it may be found on this coast: they are every where expressed in the survey, in order to warn the mariner, as well as for the purpose of enabling future visitors to ascertain whether the principle continues at work, or whether the efforts of the sea are now employed in the subversion of what has been al Close to the westward of Sidé we had found some ledges of rock, partly above and partly under water, which appear to have been produced in a similar manner, ready formed. At Pompeiopolis it will This rock contains a large proportion of broken tiles, both red and yellow, of shells, bits of wood, and of such rubbish as might be expected in the vicinity of a town. It is uncommonly hard; but, as we had no tools in the boat, satisfactory specimens could not be detached. Near to these rocky ledges, a ridge of low hills rises to the height of about eighty feet: they consist of thin horizontal strata of soft grey limestone, or rather of half in durated marl, and are intersected by deep gullies, which have been worn through by streams that trickle across the beach into the sea. Perhaps the calcareous particles thus washed down may point out the source from whence the ce be necessary to revert to the subject; PIRATES, DESCENDANTS OF THE LACE- We weighed in pursuit of a small arm 132 Greek Pirates. Visit to Tarsus. [VOL. 2. ed vessel that had tacked off shore on the primati, or magistrates, came off to perceiving the frigate at anchor. A express their gratitude for our having dekaik, of whom she had been in chace, livered them from one at least of that was quickly spoken, and the master pro- fraternity which had so often laid their fessing his belief that she was a pirate, island under contribution; and they redoubled our anxiety to catch her. By pointed out a rock near the ship, where, the term pirate is not meant a Barbary three days before, two Mainot pirates had corsair: the predatory states of that adjourned to divide the plunder of a coast, however rapacious, confine their Turkish boat; whose crew, consisting of hostilities to distinct nations; and, how- five men, they had massacred there, sparever inhuman their treatment, the value ing only one passenger; and him they of the slave is a guarantee for the life of had deprived of an ear. The truth of the captive: but in the district of Maina, this story was confirmed by the poor felthe southern province of the Morea, low himself, who afterwards came on there is a regularly organized system of board to have his wound dressed; and absolute and general piracy. The num- an officer, who was despatched to the ber of their vessels, or armed row-boats, rock, reported that the five bodies were fluctuates between twenty and thirty; still lying there, a prey to innumerable they lurk behind the headlands and in- birds. The little that is generally known numerable rocks of the Archipelago. All of these profligate descendants from the flags are equally their prey, and the life Spartans, and of their desperate piracies, or death of the captured crew is merely may perhaps plead a sufficient apology a question of convenience. A Turkish for this short digression. prize is the only exception to this rule; for, as they expect no mercy if taken by Turks, they rarely give them quarter. TARSUS, NOW TERSOOS, THE BIRTH PLACE OF ST. PAUL. The same motives which had restrained me from visiting in person the ruins of Seleucia, and other places remote from the coast, here also induced me to relinquish the pleasure of accompanying this expedition. The temptation was, indeed, great: few cities, in Asia-Minor, were more celebrated than the ancient Tarsus; and even the modern city bears a respectable rank in the Turkish empire. The preceding year we had found one of these pirates concealed in a small creek of Hermonissi, a barren island to the westward of Stampalia: as our boats approached, they fired into them from the cliffs, and rolled down large stones, which wounded two of our men. We destroyed the vessel, and compelled most of the crew to submit: the rest retreated to the craggy heights, and we made sail The officers found the distance to Terin quest of their comrade, who we learn soos about four hours, or twelve miles, ed was skulking among the neighbouring through a level and well cultivated counislands; but the darkness of the night, try. On their arrival, they waited on and the warning fires from the top of the the moossellim, or governor; but they island, enabled him to escape. On re- were desired to produce their ferman turning to Hermonissi, we found that a from the Porte, before they could be couple of nights' starvation had rendered admitted. He detained it a long time, the remaining rogues more tractable, for and on several pretexts evaded granting they eagerly came down to the boat and them an audience: at length, however, surrendered themselves. Nothing could they were admitted to his presence; be more contemptible than the appear- when, after much haughty and impertiance of this vessel; yet she rowed fast, nent examination on his part, and expossessed a swivel and twenty muskets, postulation on their's, he offered them and, with the forty ferocious-looking coffee, and permitted them to take a villains who manned her, might have walk through the city, but refused them carried the largest merchant ship in the any protection. He suspected, or preMediterranean. Nay, two of these vessels had lately secured themselves under a rock, and had actually frustrated the repeated attacks of a Turkish frigate, Having occasion to anchor at Stampalia, tended to suspect, that they were travelling merchants, who ought to have made him a present; but the true cause of this conduct was, that he did not see the frigate from the town; her appearance VOL. 2.] River Cydnus-Pass of Cilicia. 133 would have been a more efficient intro- hours to the northward of Tarsus, there duction than either ferman, present, or is a remarkable defile through a great accompanying janissary: and, indeed, chain of mountains, which are every we invariably found the civility of these where else inaccessible. This pass, as semi-barbarians to be exactly in the in- they were informed, admits about eight verse ratio of their distance from the ship. horses abreast, and has been cut through The permission to walk about the the rock to the depth of about forty feet: town was of little avail; as they were the marks of the tools are still visible in closely followed by a rabble, who ob- its sides.* structed and insulted them. They were The party returned by a different route however able to estimate the length of to Kazalu, near which place they passed the city to be upwards of a mile, and, the foot of another large flat-topped though very straggling, that it must con- mound; but the lateness of the evening tain several thousand inhabitants. There prevented a closer examination. From are many respectable looking mosques the ship it had appeared to be artificial; and minarehs; one of which was dis- and, from the habit we had acquired of tinctly seen from on board. All the appropriating ancient names, it obtained houses are small and wretched, except that of the tomb of Sardanapalus. that of the moossellim; but there were Tersoos river, the ancient Cydnus, bazaars well stocked, and the inhabitants which ouce received the stately galleys had a general look of business. At the of Cleopatra, is now inaccessible to any north-west extremity of the town, they but the smallest boats; though within side found the remains of an ancient gate; the bar, which obstructs the entrance, it and near it a very large, and apparently is deep enough, and about 160 feet wide. artificial, mound, with a flat top, from Nothing was seen of the stagnant lake, whence they had a view of the adjacent Rhegma, which Strabo describes as beplain, and of the river Cydnus, which ing the harbour of Tarsus; but it would skirts the eastern edge of the city. The be very satisfactory to trace the river plain presented the appearance of an from the sea to the city. found the water undoubtedly cold, but not more so than that of the other rivers which carry down the melted snow of Mount Taurus; and we bathed in it without feeling any pernicious effects. immense sheet of corn-stubble, dotted The extreme coldness of this celebrated with small camps of tents, which are river is said to have occasioned the death made of hair cloth, and in which the of Frederick Barbarossa, and to have peasantry reside at this season, while the proved nearly fatal to Alexander. We harvest is reaping, and the corn treading out. Our party were assured by an Armenian, with whom they conversed, that all the remains of antiquity had been destroyed, or converted into modern buildings, except the theatre, which lay near the river, covered with rubbish and bushes. He dissuaded them from searching for it, or from staying much longer in the town; alleging the ferocious disposition of the people as well as of the governor, and appealing to their countenances for the truth of his assertion. They learned also that, about twenty IT entered Cilicia. This appears to have been the celebrated pass by which Cyrus, Alexander, and Severus (lib. i.) it was only wide enough to admit a According to Xenophon single chariot, yet it was abandoned to the Niger better understood its importance; and, but for an extraordinary accident, he would there have effectually stopped the victorious career of the Emperor Severus.---Herodian lib. iii. Curtius, lib. iii. two former conquerors without resistance. CORNUCOPIA. FRENCH ANECDOTES. From the Literary Gazette. of this Number. There was no illusion T is impossible to conceive that any in it, all was real; yet in him the horror mental suffering arising from fear of a supernatural enemy superseded all could exceed that experienced by the dread of a mortal assassin, which his traveller whose adventure is the subject midnight intruder might have been sup 134 Cornucopia-French Anecdotes-Monsieur de Conange. [VOL. 2 posed to have proved. Monsieur de state. The barber of the village was Conange, on a wandering excursion therefore immediately sent for, and in which he was making with a friend the mean time they extricated the travelthrough one of the French provinces, ler from the grasp of the man, whose found it necessary one night to take re- hand had in death closed on his throat fuge from a storm, in an inn which had with a force which rendered it difficult little else to recommend it but that the to unclench. While performing this they host was well known to Monsieur de happily ascertained that the spark of life Conange. This man had all the inclina- still faintly glowed in the heart of the tion in the world to accommodate the traveller, although wholly fled from that travellers to their satisfaction, but unfor- of his assaulter. The operation of bleedtunately he possessed not the power. ing, which the barber now arrived to The situation was desolate, and the few perform, gave that spark new vigour, chambers the house contained were al- and he was shortly put to bed out of ready occupied by other travellers. There danger, and left to all that could now be remained unengaged only a single par- of service to him-repose. Jour on the ground floor, with a closet Monsieur de Conange then felt himadjoining, with which, inconvenient as self at liberty to satisfy his curiosity in they were, Monsieur de Conange and his developing the cause of this strange adfriend were obliged to content themselves, venture, which was quickly effected by The closet was prepared with a very un- his host. This man informed him that inviting bed for the latter, while they the deceased was his groom, who had supped together in the parlour, where it within a few days exhibited such strong was decided Monsieur de Conange was proofs of mental derangement as to rento sleep. As they purposed departing der it absolutely necessary to use coervery early in the morning, they soon retir- cive measures to prevent his either doing ed to their separate beds and ere long fell mischief to himself or others, and that into a profound sleep. Short, however, he had in consequence been confined had been Monsieur de Conange's repose, and chained in the stables-but that it when he was disturbed by the voice of was evident his fetters had proved too his fellow traveller crying out that some- weak to resist the strength of frenzy, and thing was strangling him. Though he that in liberating himself he had passed heard his friend speak to him, he could through a little door, imprudently left not for some time sufficiently rouse him- unlocked, which led from the saddle self from his drowsiness. to awaken to a room into the closet in which the travelfull sense of the words his friend had ut- ler slept, and had entered it to die with tered. That it was in a voice of distress such frightful effects on his bed. he now perfectly understood, and he When in the course of a few days called anxiously to inquire what was the Monsieur de Conange's friend was able matter-no answer was returned, no to converse, he acknowledged that never sound was heard, all was still as death. in his life had he suffered so much, and Now seriously alarmed, Monsieur de that he was confident had be not fainted, Conange threw himself out of bed, and madness must have been the consetaking up his candle, proceeded to the quence of a prolonged state of terror. closet. What was his horror and astonishment when he beheld his friend lying In the year 1807 a frigate was built senseless beneath the strangling grasp of at Bourdeaux. It was related at the a dead man, loaded with chains. The time, and confidently believed, that some cries of distress which this dreadful sight English Naval Officers had come in called forth soon brought the host to his disguise to Bourdeaux, to reconnoitre assistance, whose fear and astonishment this vessel without being discovered, and acquitted him of being in any way an that they left behind them a letter directactor in the tragic scene before them. ed to the master shipwright under whose It was however a more pressing duty to direction it was built, saying that the. endeavour at recovering the senseless frigate was a very fine one, and desiring traveller than to unravel the mysterious him to get it ready for sea as soon as event which had reduced him to that possible, because the English were in 135 VOL. 2.] Cornucopia-The Old Serpent-The Dauphin, Louis XVII. want of it. It was in fact taken 3 years would say: "I am not pleased with afterwards at the mouth of the river. NUMBER OF KNOWN VEGETABLES. myself to-day; I have not done any thing for mamma; I have not earned her morning kiss." When the royal family The number of plants yet known, was compelled by the unworthy populace amounts, according to the calculation of to remove to Paris, the prince still retainBaron von Humbolt, to 44,000, of which ed this innocent propensity. A piece of 6000 are agamous, that is, plants which ground was reserved for him in the garhave no sexual organs, such as champig- den of the Tuileries, where he amused nons, lichens, &c. Of the remainder himself every morning and tended his flowers, but not without an escort of the 7,000 national guards. Many persons in Pa-. 1,500 ris yet remember to have seen this fine child sporting about there with all the naiveté of his tender years. there are found In Europe. In the temperate regions of Asia In Equinoctial Asia and the adjacent Islands In Africa 4,500 3,000 4,000 On one of the queen's birthdays, Louis XVI, told his son that he ought that morning to gather the very finest nosegay 13,000 he could, and present it to his mother 5,000 with a little compliment. The Dauphin. after considering a moment, replied:-38,000 "Papa, I have in my garden an immortelle (everlasting flower). This shall be all my nosegay and my compliment. I will present it to her and say: 'Mamma, I wish that you may be like this flower!". A. M. Jeantet, musical instrumentmaker at Lyons, has made some improvements on the bassoon, which he announces as having carried that instrument to such perfection, as to recommend it to supersede in les chants d'Eglise, the OLD SERPENT, heretofore so important in the Church! After the flight and return of the royal family from Varennes, when the Abbé Devaux, his tutor, was about to resume. his instructions, he began his first lesson by reminding his pupil that he had broken off in his grammatical studies at the An Irish Gentleman, not very cele- degrees of comparison, but, added he, brated for correctness in pecuniary "You must have forgotten all this I sup-. matters, was pressing a friend to lend pose."-"Oh no, you are mistaken," rehim a sum of money on his bill. "But joined the Dauphin; "only hear if I if I advance this will you repay me have. The positive is when I say: My punctually," said his friend: "By Abbé is a good Abbé-the comparative I will, with the expense of the Protest when I say: My Abbé is better than and all !!" another Abbé-and the superlative," he continued, fixing his eyes on the queen, "is when I say: My mamma is the kindest and best of all mammas.' THE DAUPHIN (LOUIS XVII.) A biography of the last Dauphin of France, by M. Eckard, just published with the title of Memoires historiques sur An author in La Correspondance Louis XVII. contains some interesting Champenoise, a new publication of con traits of that unfortunate prince. siderable humour and merit, published So early as his fifth year, this promis- at Paris, has the following anecdote in. ing child took great delight in gardening; the seventh letter; which, though not and a small plot of ground was laid out entirely new, is little known, there having for him in the park at Versailles. Hith- been strong reasons against its circulation er he repaired every morning and gather- at the time. ed flowers for a bouquet, which he laid upon the queen's toilet before she rose from bed. When the weather prevent ed him from paying his usual tribute, he "On the day on which the coronation of Buonaparte took place, a balloon with an immense crown was committed to the air; the crown descended at Rome, and |