31. Nil

facit, Juvenal, Sat. iii. 152-3.

The translation is that of Samuel Johnson.

37. Thraso, a bragging, swaggering captain. See the Eunuchus of Terence, referred to above. 38-39. a wry-transformed traveler, a traveler who unwisely affects foreign manners. 43. Buchanan. See 81. b. 7, note. 54-5. Lyrical

to

sonnets, a reference such miscellanies as Tottel's Miscellany. See p. 54. 85. a. 33. coursing of a letter, such devices as the acrostic, in which the first letters of the several lines spell a word.

35-6. with figures and flowers, the printing of the lines in such a way as to form geometrical figures, flowers, and the like.

45. Tully, Marcus Tullius Cicero (106-43 B. C.), the Roman orator, philosopher, and statesman. Demosthenes (384?-322 B. C.), the greatest of the Greek orators.

47. Nizolian paper-books, note-books containing collections of phrases, such as the Ciceronian Thesaurus of Marius Nizolius, an Italian professor (born 1498).

58. Catiline, the Roman conspirator against whom Cicero directed certain of his most famous orations. b. 3. Vivit venit, from Cicero's first

17. Hesiod, a Greek poet assigned to the 8th cen tury B. C.

25. Landin, Cristofero Landino (1424-1504), an Italian poet and critic, is here referred to for the critical precepts of his Disputations.

36. Libertino patre natus, Horace, Satires, i. 6. 45. 37-8. Herculea proles, descendant of Hercules, i.e., royal, noble.

40. Si possunt, Virgil, Aeneid, ix. 446. 44. with Dante's Beatrice, or Virgil's Anchises, that is, in heaven, or in the Elysian fields.

46. dull-making, deafening. Nilus, the River Nile.

47. planet-like music, the music of the spheres produced by the rotation of the planets.

52. Mome, stupid person. Momus, the son of Night, used as a personification of the critical spirit. 54. Midas, king of Phrygia. Having been chosen to judge between the musical abilities of Apollo and Marsyas, he awarded the prize to Marsyas. Apollo changed his ears into those of an ass.

55. Bubonax. The story goes that Hipponax, an Ephesian poet (c. 500 B. C.) so savagely satirized the sculptor Bupalus that he hanged himself. The spelling Bubonax is the error either of Sidney or of his printer.

57. done in Ireland. It is said that the Irish peasants had a superstitious fear of the bards.

ASTROPHEL AND STELLA

88. a. xv, 2. Parnassus, a mountain-ridge in Greece, near ancient Delphi, frequented by Apollo, the and the nymphs, and hence the seat of music and poetry.

muses,

43. Antonius Crassus. Marcus Antonius (145-87 B. C.), grandfather of the famous Antony of the Triumvirate, was a distinguished Roman orator, and was so honored by Cicero. Publius Licinius Crassus (175-131 B. C.) was a celebrated orator and lawyer.

45. As Cicero testifieth, in his dialogue On Oratory.

47. not to set by it, not to value it.

53. knacks, tricks, ornaments.

8. denizened, made a citizen, naturalized, adopted. 9. far-fet, far-fetched.

10. bewray, reveal.

14. endite, compose.

XXI, 1. caustics, medical substances which burn animal tissue.

2. windlass, bewilder.

5. Plato, Athenian philosopher (429?-347 B. C.). but-if, unless.

89. a. LXIV, 9. Aristotle's wit. Aristotle (384-322 B. C.), the most famous of Greek philosophers.

10. Cæsar's bleeding fame. Julius Cæsar 102-44 B. C.), assassinated by Brutus, Cassius, and others in the senate-house at Rome.

ELEVENTH SONG

90. a. 42. Argus' eyes. In Greek legend, Argus is famed to have had 100 eyes.

SONG: THE NIGHTINGALE

8. Tereus. Tereus abandoned his wife Procné in order to dishonor her sister Philomela.

9. Philomela. After having been dishonored by Tereus, Philomela was metamorphosed into a nightingale.

LOVE IS DEAD

8. franzie, frenzy.

DORUS TO PAMELA

3. sterve, die.

6. weeds, clothes.

HAKLUYT'S VOYAGES

DEDICATORY EPISTLE

Francis Walsingham (1536-1590) was a noted English statesman and patron of learning. He served his government as member of parliament, as ambassador to France, as secretary of state, and as special ambassador to several Continental courts. 91. a. 8. Westminster, Westminster School, established in Westminster Abbey by Henry VIII, and reestablished by Elizabeth.

11. Middle Temple, one of the legal societies in London which provide instruction and examinations for admitting candidates to the bar.

25. commodities, articles of merchandise.

b. 15. Christ Church, one of the largest and most fashionable of the Oxford colleges.

92. a. 3-4. Sir Edward Stafford (1552?-1605), a distinguished English diplomatist, much in favor with Queen Elizabeth.

5. Ligier (spelled also lieger, leger, ledger), an ordinary or resident ambassador.

7. chargeable, weighty, onerous.

b. 22. Aleppo, in Asiatic Turkey.

23. Balsara, Balsar, or Bulsar, a town of British India, on the Gulf of Cambray.

24. Goa, on the western coast of India.

26. river of Plate, the Rio de la Plata, between Uruguay and the Argentine Republic.

30. Nova Hispania, Mexico.

32. South Sea, the Pacific Ocean.

33. Luzones, islands in the Malay Archipelago in the South Pacific.

THE LAST FIGHT OF THE REVENGE 51. armada, a fleet of war-vessels.

53. Sir Walter Raleigh (1552-1618), an English courtier, soldier, colonizer, and writer. After a short residence at Oxford, he took up military service. He became a favorite of Elizabeth. In 1584 he began his efforts towards colonizing Virginia. In 1588 he took an active part against the Armada. In 1595 he explored the Orinoco. In 1596 and 1597 he took part in the naval expeditions against the Spanish. Charged with plotting to put Arabella Stuart on the throne, Raleigh was imprisoned in 1603. In 1616 he was released to command an expedition to Guiana and the Orinoco. The expedi tion failed, and on his return he was condemned and executed.

54. Lord Thomas Howard (1561-1626), a distinguished naval officer and statesman. 57. pinnaces, large ship's boats.

93. a. 17. pestered, crowded. rummaging, making a disturbance.

29. recovered, regained, returned to. 43. shrouded, covered, concealed.

48. Sir Richard Grenville (c. 1541-1591), a British naval hero, cousin of Sir Walter Raleigh. In 1585 he commanded a fleet of seven vessels which shared in the colonization of Virginia. In 1591 he

served as vice-admiral in the fleet of 16 vessels under Lord Thomas Howard which sailed to Azores to intercept the Spanish treasure-ships. He died a few days after the battle recounted in the present

text.

36. Bona Speranza, Cape of Good Hope.

37. St. Helena, an island off the west coast of Africa.

b. 9-10. sprang their luff, sailed nearer to the wind.

22. charged. The sense of this word is unknown. It may mean 'timbered.'

28. admiral, the ship that carries the commanderin-chief. Biscayans, inhabitants of Biscay, a province of northern Spain.

33. right out of her chase, directly ahead from her bow.

94. a. 16. galleons, large unwieldy ships, usually having three or four decks.

24. Lima, a city of Peru, in South America. 47. armadas, single war-vessels.

95. a. 36. galley, i.e., service as prisoner on a galley.

LINSCHOTEN'S TESTIMONY

Jean-Hugues van Linschoten (1563–1611), was a Dutch voyager who cruised widely in the Pacific, in the Indian Ocean, and in the northern seas. 50. Corvo, the most northerly of the Azores. 57. Lord Thomas Howard, see 92. b. 2, note. b. 4. Sir Richard Grenville, see 93. a. 48, note.

43. Caroli, the Caroni River, flowing northward and emptying into the Orinoco.

51. shot, persons who bear firearms.

57. casique, or cacique, a native chief of the aborigines in the West Indies and adjacent parts of America.

99. a. 32. footman, pedestrian.

b. 16. marquesite, marcasite, crystallized forms of iron pyrites.

22. Caracas. A tribe of Indians, called Caracas, formerly occupied the valleys about the present city, Caracas, the capital of modern Venezuela.

29. Inca, the Inca Empire, ruled by the Incas, the reigning order in ancient Peru. 100. a. 19. provant, provender.

25. Cortes, Fernando Cortez (1485-1547), the famous Spanish soldier who conquered Mexico, the City of Mexico falling in 1521. Pizarro, Francisco Pizarro (c. 1471-1541), the Spanish soldier who conquered Peru. Pizarro extorted from the Inca Atahualpa a sum estimated at $15,000,000 of modern money.

39. cama, or anta, names of the common tapir. 55. tortugas, tortoises. lagartos, alligators, crocodiles.

b. 2. calentura, fever.

SIR FRANCIS DRAKE AT SAN DOMINGO

or

78. Tom Piper, the piper who accompanied Mor ris-dancers.

87. peeced, patched, imperfect.

88. Colin, i.e., Spenser. scanne, mount.

89. bedight, dressed.

90. soothe, sweetly.

91. fon, foolish fellow.

95. caytive corage, base mind.

98. tyranne fell, baneful tyrant.

101. wont, are accustomed.

103. Whoever thinks to accomplish great things.' 105. Let him pour down plentiful draughts and nourishing food.'

106. Bacchus fruite, wine. Phabus, god of poetry.

109. 113. buskin, the high-heeled boot worn by acters in tragedy.

114. queint, elegant. Bellona, goddess of war. 115. corage, mind, heart.

116. Forthy, therefore.

117. han us assayde, have attacked us. 118. charme, temper.

119. gates, goats.

122. With his urging we become inflamed, etc.'

THE FAERIE QUEENE. BOOK I

1. whylome, formerly. maske, go disguised.

2. shephards weeds, a graceful reference to Spenser's own earlier Shepherd's Calendar.

7. areeds, counsels.

10. holy virgin, refers to Clio, the muse of his tory.

12. scryne, chest for papers.

14. Tanaquill, a British princess, daughter of Oberon, king of fairyland. In the allegory Tanaquill is probably Queen Elizabeth.

15. Briton Prince, Prince Arthur, representing in the allegory, probably, the Earl of Leicester. 17. rue, pity.

19. dreaded impe, Cupid, god of love.

21. rove, shoot an arrow with an elevation, not point blank.

23. heben, ebony.

25. Mart, Mars.

28. Goddesse, Queen Elizabeth.

31. Phabus, Apollo, the sun-god.

32. eyne, eyes.

32. type of thine, Una, who represents truth in the allegory.

35. afflicted, cast down.

36. dearest dread, dearest object of reverence.