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grinders in each side; seven above, with an even crown, not diversified with lineaments; seven below, with a double crossing, except the last, which has a trefoil.

Gen. 7. Rhinoceros.-This genus varies also in this respect; foot divided into three toes; the bone of the nose is very thick, and in shape of a vault, being a solid bone of a fibrous texture adhering to the skin, as if it were composed of hairs conglutinated together. Disposition fierce and stupid; affects swampy places; simple stomach; intestines very long; cœcum very large. Rhinoceros Indicus. R. Africanus.

Gen. 8. Hyrar, Her.-Pedibus anterioribus cum quatuor digitis. Damans. The hyrax was, during a long time, associated with the rodentia, on account of its small size; but if we examine it closely we shall find that it is in some measure a rhinoceros in miniature, having precisely the same grinders; but the upper jaw has two strong recurved incisors, and in youth two very small canine teeth; the lower jaw has four incisive teeth, but no canine; fore feet with four toes; hind ones with only three; all of them with a kind of hoof, and round, except the inner part, which is armed with a crooked nail of an oblique direction; snout short; ears short, and covered with hair; a tubercle instead of a tail; stomach divided into two pouches, besides a large cœcum, and several dilatations in the colon; towards the middle of these are two appendages like the cœcal of birds.

Gen. 9. Tapir.-Rostro protenso. The tapir has twenty-seven grinders, which prior to trituration present transverse and rectilineal risings; jaw, six incisors, and two canine teeth, which are separated from the grinders by a void space; nose in form of a small tube.

ORDER. XIII.-SOLIDUNGULA.

The solipedes are quadrupeds which have but one toe apparent, bound up in a hoof; they bear upon each side of the metatarsus and upon the metacarpus two stylets. These represent the lateral

toes.

Gen. Equus. Equus caballus.

Behind

that these have been called cloven footed. the hoof there are sometimes found two small spurs as vestiges of lateral toes; the bones of the metacarpus and the metatarsus are as it were molten together, and bear the name of canon bones, &c. The term ruminantia implies a remarkable attribute which these animals possess of chewing their aliment a second time, which for this purpose remounts up into the mouth after the first deglutition: a property depending upon the structure of their stomachs, which are always four in number, whereof the first three are disposed in such a manner that the food may, at the pleasure of the animal, enter into any one of the three from the œsophagus, which ends at the point of communication. The first, or largest, is named the rumen or paunch; it receives in abundance the herbs rudely masticated at the cropping, which pass thence into the second, called the reticulum, of which the walls, by numerous intersections of small plaits, exhibit a resemblance to the cells of bees. This stomach is very small and of a globular shape; it seizes the herbs, and subacts and compresses them into little balls ready for a subsequent chewing. During this operation the animal continues in a state of quietude, after which the reduced aliment passes into the third stomach, named omasum (French feuillet), because the foldings in its walls are like the leaves of a book; thence it passes into a fourth, denominated from its relation abomasum, and by the French callette, the sides of which present only wrinkles, and it is analogous to the stomachs of other animals. The paunch does not fully unfold itself till after lactescence is over, and the young has begun to be sustained by the green herbage. The intestinal canal of the ruminantia is very long and somewhat inflated in the long intestines; the cœcum is very long and very thin; the fat hardens in cooling like that of other animals, and by melting becomes what is called suet or adipose matter. Udder between the thighs. The ruminantia

are of all animals those from which man derives the greatest care, and from which he draws almost all the food upon which he feeds.

Division I.-SINE CORNIBUS.

E. hemonius; F. Dzigglai. Intermediate in point cis substratis. The camels approach nearer to the Gen. 1. Camelus.-Digitis quasi consutis, verru

of size between the horse and the ass.

E. asinu

E. zebra.

E. quaccha.

ORDER. XIV.-RUMINANTIA. This order is perhaps the most natural and best determined of the class; for the animals pertaining to it have the mien of being almost all of them constructed upon the same model, and the camels alone present some exceptions to a common character. The first of the characteristics which deserve to be mentioned is that of having the incisors only in the lower jaw, generally seven in number; they are replaced above by warty prominences; between the incisors and the grinders there is a void space wherein we only find in some genera one or two canine teeth; the molar teeth are generally six in each respective situation, marked with two double crossings, of which the convexity is turned within in the upper, and without in the lower jaw. The four feet are terminated by two toes and two hoofs, which turn a flat face to each other in such wise

that in a state of repose they seem but one hoof cloven in the middle, whence it has come to pass

preceding order than the rest of their kindred; for they have not only canine teeth, but also two planted in the os-incisivum; the lower incisors are six in number; molar teeth from five to twenty: attributes which they among the mammalia alone possess. They have the scaphoid and cuboid bones separate. Instead of the large flattened hoof on the side externally, which covers the lower part of each toe, and determines the figure of the bifurcation, there is one small one adhering fast to the phalangial bone, and of a symmetrical form, with the hoofs of the pachydermata. Their lip is cloven and puffed up; the nose long; the orbits prominent. The risings of the back, and the unpleasing disproportion of the legs and feet, while the hind ones are in some measure deformed, render them unsightly; but the extreme gentleness of the disposition, and the facility with which they travel many days without drink, render them exceedingly useful. This faculty of sustaining life without recruiting the stock of refreshment is dependent upon a large mass of cells that overspread the sides of the paunch, which retain the water in a state of purity, to minister a constant supply of moisture

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