other modern Tranflators, have pointed according to the Mafarite Copy, yet I have never heard of any Chriftian, but who has efteemed thole two Prophecies to be demonftrative Proofs that the true Mejiah has been long fince come, and that thefe Prophecies do particularly point out the Time when our Lord Jefus became Man.

Neither is there any Reason why we fhould give much Heed to their Vowel Points, or condemn the LXX, or any other ancient Verfion, when they have tranflated a Word differently from the Signification which the Maforitic Points have now affixed to it. Mr. Johnson, at the End of his Holy David, and his old English Tranflators cleared, has given us a long Catalogue of Paflages wherein our Tranflators of the Pfalms in the Common-Prayer Book have varied from the LXX, and followed the prefent Hebrew Copies. Yet I believe in most of those Places the Hebrew Text, if read without the Maforitic Vowel Points, will be as agreeable to the LXX, and other ancient Tranflations, as to our English Verlion. To give an Inftance or two. Pfal. ix. 20. our Tranflation is, put them in Fear: The LXX and Latin Vulgate is, fet thou a Lawgiver over them. The Hebrew Word here is, which if you derive it from timuit, fignifies Fear, but derived from docuit, fignifies an Inftructor, a Giver of Rules, or Lawgiver. And very properly may refer to Chrift, who was to come to give a new Law, which fhould take the Gentiles into his Fold; and therefore no Wonder that the Maforites fhould choofe the other Interpretation. Pfal. Ixviii. 26. our Translation is, The Singers go before: The LXX and Latin Vulgate read, The Princes go before. The Hebrew Word fignifies both Singers and Princes. The Maforites have diftinguithed the different Significations of this Word, by putting a Point on the right Side of the first Letter when it fignifies Singers, and on the left when it fignifies Princes. But no one is obliged to think Singers the most proper Signification in this Place, because the Maforites have by their Point fixed it to that Senfe. For thofe folemn Songs of Praife, here fpoken of, were generally compofed by the Princes or Heads of the People, and they went before in the Proceffion. Thus Mifes, Exod. xv. compofed and began the Song which the People fung when they faw the Egyptians drowned in the Sea. And Miriam, the Sifter of Mofes and Aaron, went before the Women in the Dance on the fame Occafion. So Deborah alfo and Barak were Leaders in the Song they compofed for their Victory over Jabin and his General Sifera, as we read in the 5th Chapter of Judges. So alfo we find, 1 Sam. xix. 20. that when the Company of Prophets prophefied, that is, fung divine Hymns and Palms, Samuel, who was a Prince, ftood as appointed over them. And 1 Chron. xv. 27. when the Ark was brought to Jerufalem, David himself, the King of Ifrael, fung and danced before it. As therefore in the folemn publick Rejoicings the Princes, who were alfo Singers, led the Choir, the holy Penman has ufed a Word which fignifies both Princes and Singers, and for that Reason, I think, the Hebrew fhould not be pinned down (as it is by the Maforitic Point) to one Senfe, though a Tranflator into another Language cannot give it that double Sente in one Word.

One might be apt to think the LXX differed very much from the

present

prefent Hebrew Copy in Pfal. Ixxxiii. 1. where the LXX and Latin Vulgate read, Who shall be compared unto thee, O God? And our English Bibles, Hold not thy Tongue, God: Yet this Difference arifes only from the Ambiguity of one Hebrew Word, 7, which fignifies borh Similitude and Silence; and may be literally tranflated into Latin, Deus non eft Similitudo tibi, or Deus non eft Silentium tibi. Pfal. cxxxii. 1. the LXX and Latin Valgate read, Lord, remember David and all his Humility: But our Tranflation has it, and all his Trouble. This likewife proceeds from the Ambiguity of the Hebrew Word y, which fignifies both Humility and Trouble or Affliction, and the Context will bear either of thefe Words. But the Mafcrites by their Points have fixed the Signification to Trouble or Affliction, and our English has followed them, and the LXX have taken the other Senfe of the Word. I will give you one Inftance more from Gen. xlvii. 31. where our Tranflation renders, Ifrael bowed himself upon the Bed's Head. But the LXX render, he bowed himself or worshipped upon the Top of his Staff. And fo the Apostle cites it, Heb. xi. 21. The Hebrew Word fignifying either a Bed or a Staff. Which different Significations the Maforites have diftinguished by their different Vowel Points. But whether they have always rightly diftinguifhed their ambiguous Words is the Queftion. Nor are the LXX to be blamed, if they often differ from them with regard to the true Meaning of ambiguous Words. For where Words have various Significations, different Tranflators will translate them varioufly.

But the various Readings between the LXX and our English Bibles do not arife only or chiefly from the Ambiguity of many Hebrew Words, and to which the Maforites by their Points have fixed a Senfe different from that in which they were understood by the LXX: Many Differences have alfo rifen from a Change in the Hebrew Letters, as well as from the Points. For although, as before obferved, the Jews have not wilfully altered the Letters of the Hebrew Text, yet Variations have arifen in them through the Likeness of one Letter to another, which has occafioned the Tranfcribers to mistake, and put the one for the other. Tranfcribers alfo, fometimes writing haftily, have by Carelesness or by Overfight tranfpofed a Letter, and put that Letter before, which should be behind the other, of which I will give you fome Inftances.

Pfal. xxii. 16. The prefent Hebrew Copics read, Dogs have compaffed me the Affembly of the Wicked have enclosed me As A LION my Hands and my Feet. A Reading one can hardly tell how to make Senfe of. But in the LXX and all ancient Tranflations, and in our English Bibles alfo, it is, THEY PIERCED my Hands and my Feet. Yet, we cannot fay that the Jews did originally corrupt this Text wilfully; the Corruption might eafily proceed from a Miftake of the Tranfcriber, or his Carelefnefs in writing and 1, which might eafily happen in hafty Writing, and fo inftead of 1 foderunt, they wrote ficut Leo. This Reading being got into one Copy, many other Copies followed it, and the Jews finding this Reading (though a very abfurd one) de-' prived the Chriftians of a prophetick Text relating to the Paffion and Death of the bicffed Jefus, have fuck to, and ftill retain, this corrupt

Reading

Reading in their Bibles. So Habac. i. 5. our Bibles from the prefent Hebrew read, Behold ye among the Heathen: But the LXX, behold ye Defpifers. Which plainly proceeded from a Miftake occafioned through the likeness of two different Letters, and 7. The prefent Hebrew Copies have in gentibus, and that from which the LXX tran

flated had 1 contemptores.

2 Chron. xx. 1. We read in our Bibles, the Children of Moab, and the Children of Ammon, and with them other befide the Ammonites, came against Jebahaphat to Battle. But you may obferve, as the Word other is printed in the Italick Letter, it is not in the Hebrew Text, but put in by the Tranflators; for in the Hebrew it is, the Children of Ammon, and with them of the Ammonites: So the Tranflators put in the Word other, and changed the Word of to befide, in order to make it good Senfe. But the LXX have tranflated it, and with them of the Mincans. The learned Bochart has judiciously obferved (Geogr. Sacr. part 1. 1. 2. c. 22.) that this Miftake has happened in the Hebrew Text through the Overfight of a Tranfcriber, who through Carelefnefs tranfpofed the Letter, and instead of setting it after the Letter, as he ought to have done, fet it before that Letter. So instead of writing A, he wrote, and others tranfcribing from this Copy propagated the Miftake. The Hebrew Word which the LXX tranflates Mineans, is, according as now pointed by the Maforites, read Mehunim, as appears from our Bibles, 2 Chron. xxvi. 7. And the Flace of their Habitation is called Maon, Joshua xv. 55. and gave Name to the Wilderness near which they lived, 1 Sam. xxiii. 24, 25.

There are a great many various Readings in the Hebrew Bibles arifing from the Points: For there were two eminent Jews, one at Tiberias called Ben Afcher, the other at Babylon called Ben Naphtali, who about the fame Time undertook to publifh each of them a correct Edition of the Hebrew Scriptures with the Points, wherein they differ much: The Eastern Jews, for the moft Part, follow the Edition of Ben Naphtali, and the Western that of Ben Afcher. There are alfo other different Readings between the Eastern and Western Jews. But this chiefly concerns the Points. However, the Jews alfo acknowledge many various Readings, even with regard to the Letters; which various Readings are noted in the Margin of the Hebrew Bibles, and are called Keri, Ketib. Keri fignifies read, and Ketib, written. The Word which ftands in the Text is not to be read, and therefore is called Ketib, i. e. the written: But the other is called Keri, the read, because though it is not written in the Text, but in the Margin, yet it is to be read inftead of that in the Text. This Keri and Ketib is the Work of the Maforites, and is fuppofed to have proceeded from hence. Defigning to publifh a correct Edition of their Bible, they took that which they efteemed their most authentick Copy, and not daring to make any Alterations in the Text of that Copy, yet finding in other, Copies a different Reading, which they judged to be the more genuine, they placed it in the Margin, and gave Directions to their Scholars to read that marginal Word inftead of the other, thereby giving the Preference to that Word, though they feared to put it into the Text. Bishop Walton, in his Appendix to his Polyglot, has given us all those VOL. IN.

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various Readings of Ben Afcher and Ben Naphtali of the Oriental and Occidental Jews, and of the Keri and Ketib. But those who are skilled in the Hebrew, even thofe who are moft zealous for the Integrity of the Hebrew Text, tell us, that there are many other various Readings in the Manufcript Bibles, though I know of none who has taken the Pains to make a Collection of them, as Dr. Milles and others have done the various Readings of the New Testament.

The LXX is the moft ancient Tranflation of the Scriptures that has been made. Some indeed pretend that there was an elder Verfion of the Jewish Scriptures into Greek, made about the Time of the Babylonifh Captivity, or foon after, before the Reign of Cyrus, from whence Pythagoras and Plato learned many Things, for which they cite one Ariftobulus, fome Fragments of whofe Books have been preserved, and handed down to us by Clemens Alexandrinus, Eufebius, and others of the ancient Fathers, who generally accufe the Philofophers of having stolen many of their Doctrines from the holy Scriptures, and corrupted them with a Mixture of their own Notions. But though Ariftobulus and the Fathers accufe them of this Theft, they do not fay that the Scriptures, but only fome fmall Parts of the Law, were tranflated into Greek. And this is faid only on Conjecture, and not hiftorical Authority. They tell us, that Pythagoras, Plato, and other nofophers, travelled into Egypt and Babylon, and others Parts where the Jews were difperfed, from converfing with whom they learned many of thofe Things which were written in the Scriptures, and which could not be known but from thence. All this might cafily be done, without a Tranflation of any Book of the Scriptures into Greek. No Question can be made but that Pythagoras and Plato, and other Philofophers who travelled into Chaldea and Egypt to obtain the Learning of thofe Countries, and for which Purpose they fojourned there many Years, would, in order to attain that Learning, endeavour to attain a tolerable Knowledge in the Language of the Country where they fojourned, that they might freely. converfe with the learned Men of thofe Countries, who before the Macedonian Conquests had no Occafion to learn Greek: The Learning of that Age refiding amongst them, and they had no Occafion to feek any from the Greeks. But when the Macedonians had conquered the Perfian Empire, and after the Death of Alexander had there erected their feveral Kingdoms, the Greek became the Court-Language in all. thofe Nations, and the Learning of Egypt and Chaldea was tranflated into Greek, which by that Means became an univerfal Language over all thofe Parts of the World.

When the Greeks were thus become Masters of all thofe Countries, and had there for a confiderable Time firmly eftablished their Empire, Ptolemy Lagus, the firft Macedonian King of Egypt, gave great Encouragement to all learned Men to fettle in his Dominions: And his Son Ptolemy Philadelphus erected a noble Library for their Ufe at Alexandria his capital City. Demetrius Phalereus, his Library Keeper, acquainted that Prince, that the Law of the Jews ought to have a Place in his Library. The King antwered him, that it was his Fault if it was not put there. Demetrius replied, that it must be tranflated firft, becaufe it was written in a Language and Characters unknown to the Egyp 7.

tians.

tians. Hereupon the King refolved to write to the High Prieft of the Jews to fend him the Book, with Interpreters to tranflate it. Then Arifleas, a great Officer in the Court, and who wrote the Hiftory of this Tranfaction, reprefented to the King, that he could not fend Ambaffadors to the Jews, while he kept fo many Jews in Slavery in his Kingdom, being no lefs than 100,000; all which, with their Wives and Children, the King redeemed from their Matters, paying out of his Treasury twenty Drachmas a Head for every one. Then Demetrius acquainted him, that it wouk! be convenient to, write to the High Prieft at Jerufalem, to fend him fix Men out of every Tribe, noted for their Learning, Virtue and Age, to make an exact Verfion of the Books of the Jews. Arifteas gives us a Copy of the King's Letter to Eleazar the High Prieft, and the Names of the 72 Perions fent to tranflate the Law, with an Account of the magnificent Prefents the King made to the High Prieft, to the Temple at Jerufalem, and to the 72 Interpreters, fo that, as Dean Prideaux has computed, the whole Expence the King was at on this Occafion amounted to near two Millions of our Money. Demetrius conducted the Interpreters to a Houfe prepared for them in the Ifland Pharus, where in 72 Days they fiuifhed their Verfion.

Ariftobulus, who was Tutor to Ptolemy Phyfion, Philo alfo, who lived in our Saviour's Time, and was Contemporary to the Apoftles, and Jofephus, who faw and wrote the Hiftory of the Deftru&ion of Jerufalem by the Romans, all fpeak of this Tranflation as made by 72 Interpreters, by the Care of Demetrius Phalereus, under the Reign of Ptalemy Philadelpus. And all Chriftians, who mention how this Tranflation was made, for 1500 Years, fpeak of it as made by 72 Interpreters (or by 70, which is the neareft round Number to 72, and from thence gave it the Name of the Septuagint) in the Time of Ptolemy Philadelphus, without any Exception. It is true, they have differed in feveral Circumftances relating to the Manner of their Tranflating, as whether they were fhut up every Interpreter in a Cell by himfelf, or whether there were two in one Cell, or whether they conferred all together as often as they pleafed, and other Circunftantials: But in the main both Jews and Christians were agreed until after the Year 1500, that this moft ancient Greek Tranflation was made by 72, or, as called for the Sake of the round Number, 70 Interpreters, in the Time of Ptolemy Philadelphus. But fince that Time Criticks are arifen who queftion every Thing; and not only the Circumftances wherein the Ancients both Jews and Chriftians differ in their Relation, but even where they all agree, are denied. They question whether this Verfion was made in the Reign of Ptolemy Philadelphus, by 72 Perfons. And fay, were not 12 enough, and more than fufficient?

Du Pin, who, in his Compleat. Hiftory of the Canon of Scripture, has rejected all the Accounts given by Arifleas, Ariftobulus, Philo, Jofephus, and the Ancient Fathers concerning this Tranflation, as fabulous Stories, yet grants the Tranflation to be as old as the Reign of Phila delthus. For, fpeaking of the Hiftory of Arifteas, the ancienteft and moft particular of all that is written concerning this Matter, he fays, "That how fabulous foever it be in its Circumftances, it has a true

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