1

changes in the inflections. The root of the former corresponds to Sanskrit -yans, that of the latter to a partial reduplication of the same. 187. The personal pronouns are declined as follows: 2

The genitive maneas, &c., are never used possessively, but only mano, &c.; and the latter precede the governing substantive without an accent, unless with emphasis.

There is a possessive adjective mans meus, but little used; and there are definite possessive adjectives formed with ya, manasis der meinige, &c.

The oblique stem of the singular seems to be mani, tavi, savi, except in the possessive, whose stem is mana, tava, sava; all of them involving a second thought of the person in connecting with it the case relation (8, 155).

The stem of the dual seems to be mu, yu, and that of the oblique cases of the plural mus, yus, formerly muns, yuns, as appears from the old form of the genitive. This probably arises from the old element sma (7), the nasal being transposed and having changed a of ma to u. The ending of the locative plural is probably borrowed from the singular; in the dative and instrumental the s of the stem is dropped. The nominative plural mes seems to retain both the i and the s of the old ending yas.

188. The person endings are the same for all parts of the verb, subject only to changes of utterance, due to the elements which connect them with the root. And it is remarkable that not even in the oldest remains of the language are there any person endings for the third dual or third plural, the third singular being used for these.

The person endings are, singular, -mi, -si, -ti; dual, -va, -ta; plural,

1 2

-me, -te (19). But if there intervene between the person endings and

1 Schleicher, sect. 93.

2 Ibid. sect. 98.

the root a or an element ending in a, then they become along with

the a, singular, -u, -i, -a; dual, -ava, -ata; plural, -ame, -ate, a being absorbed in the first and second singular. If the accent is not on u, it is not on any of these endings; if it is on u, it is also on i, but on no other. In the ordinary speech -a of third singular and -e of the plural is dropped. In Low Lithuanian -ava has become -au. If these endings are preceded by y, the usual euphonic changes take place.1

The preterite and future take respectively -aya- and -sya- (26, 27, 70) between the stem and the person endings. In the former the first a is probably the essential element; y is dropped in first and second singular, and in the other persons -aya becomes ō; and in the latter, as well as in certain presents which have -ya-, y is dropped in the second singular, and in the other persons in High Lithuanian -yabecomes, this i again being dropped in the third singular. The accentuation of the future is that of the infinitive.2

189. The Lithuanian verb, like the Sanskrit, has a present stem, and a non-present or second stem. From the latter the stem of the preterite also differs in many verbs; so that in dividing the verbs into classes it is necessary to take into account not only the present stem, but also the preterite stem. The classes may be briefly stated by noting the modification of the root either with an inserted letter or with V. for Vriddhi, G. for Guna, and 7 or for lengthening or shortening the radical vowel, and by subjoining whatever letters are to be added before the first singular person ending -u for the present stem, -au for the preterite stem, and before the infinitive ending -ti for the second stem. Thus stated, the classes of primitive verbs are as follows: 3

I. 1. -u, -au, -ti; -u, —au, -ti; -u, -y'au, -ti; -u, —y'au, -ti; -u, Gyau, ti, the root in both these ends in n or l. 2. u, -ey'au, éti

intransitives; -u, -ōy'au, -ō'ti.

II. 1. —u, -au, -ti, radical vowel i, root ends in 7 or r, generally intransitive. 2. G・ u, -au, -ti. 3. Ğ u, -au, -ti. 4. u, au, -ti radical vowel a.

III. 1. -n- ú, -áu, ti, root ends in a consonant, intransitives, inchoatives. 2. -n'u, -au, -ti.

IV. 1. -yu, -au, -ti; -yu, -y'au, -ti'; -y'ú, y'au, ti, root ends in r, l, or m; —y'u, -y'au, -ti. 2. -y'u, -ey'au, -e'ti, intransitives.

V. 1. -tu, -au, ti, inchoatives. 2. -stu, -au, ti inchoatives. 3. -d'u, -au, -ti inchoatives.

There are also remains of a conjugation in -mi, without any connective vowel, first singular preterite ending in -au, -yau; only two reduplicated, dúo'mi (duodmi), daviaú, dúoti, give, de mi (dedmi), de yau, de ti put (215).

4

190. The following are the three stems of the various formations of derivative verbs, with the changes and additions affecting the roots

1 Schleicher, sect. 101. 1. 2.

3 Ibid. sects. 110-117.

2 Ibid. sects. 101. 3. 4; 105.

4 Ibid. sect. 119.

6.

in each.1 1. -au, -o'y'au, -o'ti. 2. -saˆú, -sō''y'au, -so' ti. In both these there is a sense of duration, and if the root end in one consonant a radical i is generally lengthened. 3. V au, Vyau, Viti, durative, iterative, causative. 4. -da'u, d'au, -diti, radical a reduced to i, causative. 5. V dau, V d'au, V dīti, iterative of causative. Vsta u, V'st'au, V stīti, iterative. 7. Voyu, V.ō'yau, V.ōti (sometimes without Vriddhi), iterative, durative, denominative; preceded by y, n, n, sn, d, t, subjoined to the root, form iteratives, ō being accented. 8. úo'yu, -av'aú, -úoti, often not accented, borrowed words, denominatives, diminutives. 9. -áu'yu, -av'aú, -áu ti often not accented, principally denominatives, some duratives and iteratives. 10. i'yú, yaú, 'ti, often not accented, denominatives, almost all transitive. 11. ''yu, è̟''yau, e'ti, denominatives, intransitive, if in precede, iterative, diminutive. 12. -inu, -in'aú, -in'ti, often not accented, often with Vriddhied root, causative; d may precede in, after vowel, n, k, or l, if radical vowel be long, rarely after t or d. 14. -en'ú, -en aú, én ti, durative, intransitive.

It is not to be supposed that from every root all these derivatives can be formed. Yet many roots are capable of several derivatives. And there are besides the prepositional compounds.

191. Verbs whose stem has not more than two syllables (a component preposition not being counted), and which end in -ú or -yú in first singular present, make a third singular permissive by prefixing te and ending in éa, which represents an original ai = Greek or

Verbs of three syllables, and those whose ending is not accented, only prefix te, the last syllable being probably too weak for the inflection; te is probably of the nature of the conjunction that; it precedes a component preposition.2

The old optative formed with -i- subjoined to the present stem, corresponding to Sanskrit potential, was formerly used for an imperative, but afterwards the i, or, in second singular for a milder command, ea, was strengthened in the imperative by putting k before it, and was subjoined to the second stem. This k Bopp deduces from the s of the stronger precative element in Sanskrit -ṣīyās1 (28).

The accentuation of the imperative is that of the infinitive.3

An imperfect is formed by -dava- subjoined to the stem of the infinitive; dava- is the stem of the past tense of a verb formed from dā, dễ, duo, put, or do, according to 190, 85 (159).

An optative is formed by the optative of bu, be, which drops ū before the optative element i, y, with the accusative of the abstract substantive in -tu, formerly a supine, prefixed to it without change of accentuation. The first person singular always, and the second singular often, drops -umb-, so as, e.g., to make suktiau for suktum· biau; and the third person drops the verb bu altogether, and the m which precedes it, without nasalising the u which is then at the end." A middle is formed by subjoining to the verb, if not compounded with a particle, the reflexive element s, sometimes si or se. If the

1 Schleicher, sects. 65-74.
Bopp, Vergl. Gram., sect. 680.

2 Ibid. sect. 104.

5 Schleicher, sect. 106.

3 Ibid. sect. 108. 6 Ibid. sect. 107.

verb be compounded with a particle, si is inserted between the particle and the root, and sometimes in the written language si is also added at the end.1

The older language can also insert and subjoin in the same way the element of the first person mi, as object of a verb in any person.1 The infinitive is formed by -ti added to the second stem. The supine, found only in old books, adds -tu. Both infinitive and supine were originally declined. When the infinitive ending -ti is attached immediately to the root it is not accented; when it is attached by i or ō to a monosyllable the accent falls sometimes on ī or ō, sometimes on the root.

192. The present participle active adds to the present stem -as (ants) masculine, -anti feminine, -a (ant) neuter, the future -ses (syants), -senti (syanti), -se (syant), the gerund of both -ant, -sent; Zemaitish and Old Lithuanian retain n before s in the present participle masculine.2

Verbs which in the present are disyllabic, and form the first singular in -u, -iu (infinitive -ti or -eti), have in the present active participle the accent almost always on the root, only those whose radical vowel is not long by nature or position, can, in certain cases, especially in nominative singular, accentuate the final syllable. The root is always accented when the present first singular is a disyllable in -au (infinitive -ōti or -īti). Verbs having more than one syllable in first singular present accentuate the same syllable in participle as in present.

The past participle active is formed by substituting for -au in the first singular of the past tense -eas masculine, -usi feminine, -ea neuter; the original -ans being changed to -eas when it is the last syllable, to -us when it is not. In the same way a participle is formed from the imperfect in -davau. Preterites in -yau drop the y in the participle when it is dropped in the infinitive.3 The accent is on the radical when the nominative singular masculine is a disyllable, a preposition not being counted, otherwise on the same syllable as in the infinitive. The ending of the past participle corresponds to Sanskrit -vant as that of the present and future to Sanskrit -ant (35); and in all the oblique cases of the masculine of these participles ya is added to the stem, and in all cases of the feminine except the nominative singular, a is added to the nominative singular, and then the participles are declined as adjectives ending in a. These additions to the stem are probably pronominal, and are taken for the same reason that in Gothic the present participle has the weak declension (151), because in the thought of these participles there is less comparison of the substantive object to which they belong with the rest of the extension of the substantive than there is in the thought of an adjective. Their sense

of the general substantive is less, and the substance weak.

There is a second present participle active, used only in the nominative, and formed by adding -damas masculine, -dama feminine, to the stem of the infinitive. This ending is the passive participle of

1 Schleicher, sect. 109.

2 Ibid. sect. 33.

4 Ibid. sect. 96.

Ibid. sect. 34.

a root whose original form was da, and which signifies put, do1 (159, 215). The formation seems to mean engaged in that which the root signifies. The accent is on the same syllable as in the infinitive,1 but when the root is short and unaccented in first singular present, the accent is on the last syllable in feminine singular and masculine plural.

The passive participles present and future. the latter now no longer used-are formed by adding -mas masculine, -ma feminine and neuter, to the stems of the present and future respectively, retaining in the former the connective vowel which precedes the person in first and second dual and plural; but High Lithuanian drops the a of sya.2 The accentuation of the feminine singular is as in the preceding.

The past passive participle is formed by adding -tas masculine, -ta feminine (35), to the stem of the infinitive. The accentuation of feminine singular as in preceding.

4

The participle of necessity (Lat. -ndus) adds -tinas masculine, -tina feminine, to the same stem; -na is the passive participial element (35), added to the element of the infinitive.

The participles in -mas, -tas, -tinas, are declined like adjectives in -as. And all the participles may take the definite form, subjoining to their cases the cases of yas, with the usual euphonic changes.5

The suffix -toyis, genitive toyo, but in Zemaitish and the older language -toyas, feminine -toye, genitive -toyes, added to stem of infinitive, forms nouns of the agent ; -imas, or after vowels -yimas, added to the infinitive stem of very many verbs, forms nouns of the action.7

6

193. The attributive part of the substantive idea is weak, and does not come out as a common element in the names of crops, plants (except trees), and such collectives as rye, barley, flax, cabbage, which are plural, the singular denoting a single grain or plant; nor is it thought in the units of plurals denoting material and such like (221), or things consisting of many parts, as ladder, comb, village, recurrent festival, and quarter of the heavens, north, south, &c.

The dual of nouns and adjectives is used only in concord with the second numeral; it has gone out of use in Southern Lithuania, but in Northern it is to be heard entire, and not limited to natural couples, but applied to any two objects.

In songs and tales, but more rarely in ordinary discourse, katras, which of two or of three? and also kas, who goes with a verb in the three youths nom. pl. hay gen. mowed which be first or second dual, as tri's berni't・e'i s'anō pio'vea katrás bū'• fut. 2d dual my sit mano me'alas, three youths mowed hay, which of you will be my lover? 8

lover

Though kas and katras are each in the singular, yet their stem involves the thought of an alternative, and such is the sense of the individual that this makes the verb dual.