feared 3d pl. certainly bestowed 1st pl. 'ttaqa · ū la • fayax . i na art. heaven gen. and art. earth gen. 's'samā wa・'l · hard · i, and if the people of those towns had believed and feared (God), we would have bestowed upon them blessings from heaven and earth; hahla the subject is put in the accusative after hanna (68), and drops the final n before the genitive (69); qurai is given by Golius as the irregular plural, i.e., pluralis fractus of qaryatun or qiryatun; ḥittaqau is the third plural perfect of the eighth form of waqay cavit, y being dropped before ū, and w assimilated before t, its meaning is cavit timuitque sibi; the suffix hum becomes him after the i of galai, galya and ḥilya become galai, hilai before the suffixes; the verbs are all in the perfect without distinction of mood or time; the preposition min takes a from the following article, and governs the following nouns in the genitive. respond 2d pl. imper. to God gen. and to the apostle gen. when has called (4.) Histagib lillahi wa lir rasuli ḥiļā daģā 2 you to what 3d sing. vivify you kum, li ma yu xyi kum, respond to God and to the apostle when he calls you to that which can give you life; histagību is second plural imperative of the tenth form of gāba secuit; the article hal suffers elision of its first letters and assimilation of its final; rasulum passive adjective (57) from rasala nuncium misit; n being dropped on account of the article (60); yuxyīkum, third singular imperfect of fourth form of xayya or xayai vixit; with objective if did 2d sing. this perished 2d sing. suffix of second plural. (5.) Hin fajal ta galika halik ta, if you do this you will perish, the verbs are both in the perfect. If the perfect after conditional particles is to express past time, the verb kāna or a verb of kindred meaning must be prefixed to the were 3d pl. if 3d pl. attained 3d pl. correlative clauses; as kān ū ḥin bālaj· u balagu, if they exerted themselves to attain (an object), they attained (it); bālaga is came to him 3d sing. visit him . 4 the third form of balaga. (6.) Gāḥa hilai hi ya gudu hu, he came to him to visit him; yagudu third singular imperfect of gada, visitavit ; came 3d sing. laugh gāḥa Zaid'un yadxaku, Zaid came laughing; 5 yadxaku third singuand followed 3d pl. what 3d sing. fem. mā ta gen. 6 lar imperfect of dayika risit. (7.) Wa'ttabag follow art evil spirits on reign gen. tlu 's sayātīnu gʻalya mulk i Sulaiman a, and they followed what the evil spirits taught in the reign of Solomon; hittabağū is third plural perfect of the eighth form of tabaga secutus fuit; tatlū is third singular feminine imperfect of tala secutus fuit; sayātīnun is pluralis fractus of saiṭānun, it drops the final n, having taken the article (60); tatlu agrees with pluralis fractus in singular feminine (72) and expresses what was present at the time of the preceding verb; Sulaimana is genitive of the diptote proper name (60). (8.) Wa'sa'ḥa and fut. I 3 Ibid. Syntax, p. 8. ' • Ibid. p. 15. hire persons accus. 3d pers. carry 3d pl. 3d sing. obj. to staḥgiru ḥaqwām • an ya xmil·ūna and I be house my hu hilya manzil ·i I last accus. 3d pl. suff. and not 3d pers. be remained 3d sing. suff. and removing hum wa ḥa kūnu ḥanā ḥāžir· a ya kūnu baqiya behind 1st sing. suff. thing 3d pers. occupy mind 1st sing. suff. with doing gen. waraaḥ 2 saiḥ un yu sgilu fikr г bi・ figl·i· and I be already get help 1st sing. for soul hi wa・ naql・ ihi waḥa kūnu qadi ḥstad har · tu li· nafs my unto relief gen. body my from art. labour gen. with small gen. pay gen. •ī fī ḥirāxati badan·ī j'ani 'lkaddi bi yasiri hugratin ha 1st pers. give 3d fem. obj. to 3d pl. suff. buy ti la hum, and I shall hire some people to carry it to my house, and I shall be the last of them, and there shall not have remained behind me anything to give occupation to my mind with the doing or removing of it, and I shall have got help for myself (71), even to the relief of my body from the labour with a small pay which I shall give to them;1 sa- expresses real futurity (64), hastahgiru is the first singular imperfect of the tenth form of hagara mercedem dedit, ḥaqwāmun is pluralis fractus, fourteenth form (59) of qaumun populus; yazmilūna third plural imperfect of xamala portavit; manzil derived from nazala habitatum venit; hakūnu, first singular imperfect of kana extitit; hayira accusative after hakunu (66); bagiya is third singular perfect, and following yakunu it expresses a future past (65); the person in yusjilu serves for relative pronoun (73); yusjilu is third singular imperfect fourth form of sagala occupavit; qad takes i before the following hi, which drops the i; histad hartu is first singular perfect of tenth form of d'ahara juvit ; hirazatun is the nomen actionis feminine of the fourth form of raxa quievit, it drops the n before the genitive which it governs (69); j'an takes i before the article, as words ending in a consonant do generally before an initial ḥ;2 hugratun, derived from ḥagara mercedem dedit; hugt is first person singular imperfect of fourth form of g'ata manu accepit (Golius); -hā serves for relative pronoun (73); li becomes la interrog. not 2d sing. know that God before the pronominal suffix.3 (9.) Ḥa・ lam ta ģʻlam ḥanna 'l·lāh• accus. to him sovereignty art. heavens gen. and art. earth gen. 2 a la hu mulku 's'samāwāti wa 'l hard i, didst thou not know that God has the sovereignty of the heavens and of the earth? 4 tağlam is second singular jussive of galima scivit; the jussive after lam is past present, i.e., Indo-European imperfect (64); allaha is interrog. accusative after hanna (68); there is no verb to have. (10.) Ham think 2d pl. that 2d pers. enter art. paradise accus. and not yet 3d sing. come xasib tum han ta dxulu 'l gannat · a wa lammā ya hti 2d pl. obj. likeness nom. who pl. pass away 3d pl. from before you kum mabalu 'llafina jala ū min qablikum, do ye think that ye shall enter Paradise before there shall have come on you what came on those who passed away before you; xasibtum is second plural perfect, though translated as present (65); tadxulu is second plural subjunctive (55) of daɣala intravit; yaḥti is third singular jus2 Wright, p. 21. 3 Ibid. p. 225. 4 Wright, Syntax, p. 16. 1 Wright, Syntax, p. 15. times to the expression in a similar way of what in other languages would be an apposition; the object denoted by the first substantive not being retained as identical with the object which is denoted by the second, but correlated with it as belonging to it, or participating mount gen. of it, as turu sinina, Mount Sinai.2 The The noun which is used in the adverbial accusative with a verb may be a verbal noun derived from itself; either its own abstract noun (nomen actionis) or the noun which expresses a single realisation of it, or the noun which expresses the kind of its realisation. first by itself expresses intensity of the verb (74, Ex. 18), and with an adjective or defining element qualifies or defines the verb (74, Ex. 19); the second and the third are used respectively for enumeration and specification. All three show a want of comparison, as they do not qualify the verb with a truly comparative element, but supplement it with a second thought of what it denotes (see III. 8). 3 The adverbial accusative is used after verbs of being or becoming where Latin uses the nominative (74, Ex. 8, 21, 22). It is also used to designate time, place, state, or condition of subject or object, cause or motive, and various other determinations and limitations of the verb; and if the limitation be another fact, the verb of the latter may become the abstract noun in the accusative, and its subject will follow it in the nominative.* The accusative is used also after the negative la, meaning there is not; and the noun when taken indefinitely drops the final n. 5 67. The abstract verbal noun, when governed in the objective accusative, or through a preposition, by another verb, may govern its own object in the genitive (74, Ex. 2) unless this be separated from it by one or more words, when it must be put in the accusative. If its subject be expressed it is generally genitive, and the object accusative; but often the subject is nominative when the object is a pronoun in the genitive, and sometimes the subject is nominative and the object accusative 6 (74, Ex. 20). The nomen agentis, when it has a strong sense of process like the imperfect, may govern an object in the accusative. It is probably the strong sense of process which causes the verbal nouns so often to have a subject and to govern an accusative; the former being the source, and the latter the end or determinant of the process of doing or being. 68. As the weakness of the act of comparison shows itself in the mind dropping the general idea when it passes to the comparative element which distinguishes the particular object of thought, so the weakness of the act of correlation shows itself in the weak sense of the antecedent which the mind has in thinking the consequent. Hence arises the strange peculiarity in Arabic that the consequent in a correlation is often expressed as such without any expression being given to the antecedent. Thus it has been already mentioned (55) that the imperative is sometimes expressed by the jussive with the preposition li, to, prefixed 2 Ibid. p. 159. 1 Wright, Syntax, p. 158. 3 Ibid. P. 37-40. 6 Ibid. pp. 41, 42. 7 Ibid. p. 46. to it (74, Ex. 14), the antecedent of this relation, namely, the impulse of command, being left unexpressed. So also the objects of a strong direction of thought, as in praise, blame, welcome, warning, strong address, are apt to be put in the accusative without any word to govern them. And propositions introduced by hinna, certainly, or the conjunction hanna, that, which are both of a demonstrative nature, or by conjunctions compounded of these without restrictive -mā, have their subject put in the accusative without anything to govern it except the directed attention which a demonstrative involves (Def. 7 ; 74, Ex. 3, 9, 11). This construction gives a further illustration of the same principle; for the verb has no expressed antecedent with which as subject it is correlated except whatever element of person it may contain. 69. The Arab (chap. i. V. 5) has, as compared with other races, small practical interest in external things; doing or being as thought in its own subjective process has more attraction for him. And he tends to think the noun weakly in its connections with the fact, and rather in the general idea of it than in the particular instance which has those connections (60). He has a weak sense of the individual object or substance (59); and in consequence of this when a substantive object is thought as part of another, its substance is merged in that other. The substantive thus governing another in the genitive, and thought as part of that other, loses its generality, the idea of it being limited to what is part of the other object. It is particularised by the genitive, and consequently thought more in its present instance and present connections in the fact (60). The governing substantive thus becomes triptote, but loses the final n, ni, or na,2 which expresses it as the object of attention (61, 62). If, however, the relation expressed by the genitive be not quite so close as that of a part to a whole, as when the genitive is governed by an adjective or by a participle not thought substantively, and which cannot therefore be part of a substantive object, the genitive does not define or limit its governor ; 3 and the latter consequently, if it is to be limited, takes the definite article. But always the governor drops the final n, ni, or na (74, Ex. 2, 3, 8, 16), and the genitive follows it immediately.5 The close connection of the governing noun with the genitive is called by the Arab grammarians the proper annexation, the other the improper annexation.3 In the former, the substance of the governing noun is so merged in the genitive, that it cannot be particularised by the definite article, except through the particularising of the genitive, and that the particularising of the genitive always affects it also; thus, daughter king gen. art. bintu malik in, is a daughter of a king; bintu 'l・malik'i, is the daughter of the king. A daughter of the king cannot be expressed by the genitive except with the intervention of a preposition, bint'u'n to lil-malik'i, a daughter (belonging) to the king." An extremely remarkable and perfectly independent coincidence 1 Wright, Syntax, p. 55-63. • Ibid. p. 151. 2 Ibid. p. 133-135. Ibid. p. 41. 3 Ibid. p. 134. • Ibid. p. 153. sive of hatai venit (55, 64); it seems from mabalu not having the final n that it governs hallafina in the genitive; xalau is third plural perfect of xala recessit; qabli is genitive of qablun pars anterior, approach art. departure nom. other accus. that governed by min. (11.) Haziba 't taraxxulu jaira hanna camel accus. our not yet 3d sing. fem. move off with saddle our rikāba nā lammā ta zul bi • rixālinā, our departure is close at hand save that our camels have not yet moved off with our saddles;1 taraxxulun is the nomen actionis of the fifth form of razala instruxit camelam sella, profectus fuit; the final n is dropped after the article (60); gaira adverbial accusative after haziba (66); rikābanā accusative after hanna (68); tazul is third singular feminine jussive (64) of zawala dimovit e loco, the imperfect would be tazūlu, but the final syllable being closed in the jussive the short vowel is preferred; the singular is used for the plural in rikābanā and rixālinā. not 3d sing. was 3d sing. enamoured art. poetry accus. and art. poets xibbu 's sir a wassujaraḥ (12.) Lam ya kun yu accus. 2 a, he was not fond of poetry and poets; yakun is third singular jussive of kāna extitit, u being short on account of closed syllable, used after lam (55, 64); yuxibbu is third singular imperfect passive of fourth form of abba amavit, contemporaneous with yakun; sug'āraḥ· un is pluralis fractus, twentieth form of sagirun poeta, n being. if 2d pers. conceal what in breasts dropped after the article (60). (13.) Дin tu xfu mā fi tudūr gen. 2d pl. or 2d disclose 3d sing. obj. 3d sing. know i kum ḥau tu · bdu ya glam hu'llahu, whether you conceal what (is) in your breasts or disclose it, God will know it; 2 tuxfu is second plural jussive (55) of fourth form of xafa celavit, and tubdu is the same of badawa apparuit; tudūrun is pluralis fractus sixth form of t'adrun pectus; yaj lam is third singular jussive (55) to 3d sing. spend possessor wealth gen. hu God nom. of galima scivit. (14.) Li yunfiq oū sagat in, let the possessor of wealth spend; yunfiq is third singular jussive of fourth form of nafaqa vendibilis fuit; li prefixed makes it imperative (55). only said this that not 3d sing. be despised in art. knowledge gen. (15.) Hinnamā gāla gālika liḥalla yu staafja bi'l g'ilmi, he said this only that learning might not be despised; yustażafja is third singular subjunctive (55) passive of the tenth form of affa those who fought 3d pl. among us surely 1st pl. guide fi• na la nahdiyanna levis fuit. (16.) HallaĢīna gāhad · ū 3d pl. obj. paths our hum subulana, those who have fought in our cause we will surely guide in our paths; 5 gahada is third singular perfect of the third form of gahada laboravit; nahdiyanna is first plural energetic imperfect of hadai recte duxit; subula is accusative of third form of pluralis fractus of sabilun via, the n being dropped before genitive suffix (69); it is an adverbial accusative according to our paths (66). die pl. if not and ye mūtu nna il·lā wa ḥantum muslim 1 Wright, Syntax, p. 16. not 2d pers. (17.) La ta · pl. masc. nom. ūna, do not die without you |