lo

unexpressed to the second clause; yēt ēḥ is third singular imperfect of eyes of Lord on art kingdom yāt āḥ exiit. (14.) Hinneh gein'ēi ḥadōnāy yehōvāh b·am·mamlākāh art sinful fem. and destroy 1st sing. accus. 3d sing. fem. from surface of face of art. ha xattaḥ ah vehismad ti ah hoo mē gal penei ha earth save that not destroy 1st sing. destroy accus. house of Jacob utterance of ḥadāmāh hep es ki loh hasmid ha smid he bei yağaqōb neḥum yehōvāh; behold, the eyes of the Lord God are upon the sinful kingdom, and I will destroy it from off the face of the earth, save that I will not utterly destroy the house of Jacob, saith Jehovah (Amos ix. 8); hadōnāy is supposed to be the plural of excellence (82), with possessive suffix of first singular; the adjective xattaḥah has the article, because the noun with which it agrees has the article (89); hismad ti is first singular perfect Hiphil of samad, which is not used in Kal; hepes means stop or limitation, hasmid is infinitive and hasmid first singular imperfect of Hiphil of samad; the former intensifies the latter (92); gēinēi, penēi, bēiɑ are the construct forms of ģēnaim, pānīm, bayi0; neḥum is the construct form of nāḥūm, the and 3d sing. say

go and

nomen patientis of nāḥam mussitavit. (15.) Vay y homer lēk ve say 2d sing. perf. to art. people art. this hear pl. hear infin. and not 2d pl. ḥāmar tā lā ģām hazzeh simġ u samoağ ve hal -tã• understand pl. and see pl. see infin. and not 2d pers. perceive pl. bin vehal -tē dugu; and he said, Go and say to this people, Hear continually and understand not, and see continually and perceive not (Isa. vi. 9); lēk is imperative of yalak, simğu and rehu imperative plural of samag and ruḥāh; the command is carried from the first to ḥāmartā, and in it is applied to completion, the two latter get continuation in their verbal infinitives (92); tābīnū and tēdāju are second plural imperfect of bin and and 3d pers. juss. Hiph. ride accus. 3d sing. in chariot art. yadağ. (16.) Vay y arkeb ō be mirkebeth ham second which to 3d sing. and 3d. pers. cry pl. at face his and give misneh haser-l·ō vay yi greḥu lep'ānaiv ḥabrēk venābōn Egypt

accus. 3d sing. over all land hōo ō gal kol-heret mit raim; and he made him to ride in the second chariot which he had, and they cried before him ḥabrēk, and he put him over all the land of Egypt (Gen. xli. 43); nātōn is the verbal infinitive of nalan, being so closely connected with what precedes that the tense and person are carried on to it, and it is and 2d pers. Niph. murmur pl. in tents your and infinitive (92). (17.) Va tē rāgen・ū be ḥāhalēi kem va 2d pers. say pl. in hating of accus. 1st pl. Hiph. go forth us from land t・ ḥōmer'ū be sincḥa✪ yehōvāḥ ḥō0·ā·nũ hō · t'iḥā nu mēḥeret Egypt to give accus. 1st pl. in hand of art. Amorite to Hiph. infin. destroy mit raim la 0ē ḥō · ā· nu be・ yad hã· ḥemōrī ha·smid ē

us

le

nu; and ye murmured in your tents and said, Because Jehovah hated us, He hath brought us forth out of the land of Egypt to deliver us into the hand of the Amorites, to destroy us (Deut. i. 27); tērāgenu is the second plural imperative Niphal of ragan murmuravit; sineḥah is a nominal infinitive of sānēḥ odit, its construct form is sinhal (93); hot in is third singular perfect Hiphil of yataḥ prodiit; tee is the

VOL. II.

E

nominal infinitive of naban dedit; 7 takes a before a monosyllable; yad is the construct form of yād. On the connective vowels of the and 3d pers. be rel. hear art. king accus.

object suffixes see 80. (18.) Va ye hi ki smōağ ham melek hel word of man art. God who cried against art. altar in Bethel and 3d pers. -debar ḥīs -hā ḥelōhīm ḥaṣer qārāḥ ÿal-ham'mizbēax be bē¿0·ḥēl vay ·yi · put forth Jeroboam accus. hand his from top art. altar to say hold pl. slax yārābējam ḥel -yād'ō mējal ham'mizbēax lēḥmōr tips·u him and 3d sing. fem. dry hand his which he put forth against 3d sing. and not hú va ibash yadō haser salax ÿ'al·āi v ve·lōḥ 3d pers. effect to Hiph. return it to him

t

yā kōl la ha sib āḥ ḥēlāiv; and it came to pass, when the king heard the saying of the man of God who had cried against the altar in Bethel, that Jeroboam put forth his hand from off the altar, saying, Lay hold on him; and his hand, which he put forth against him, dried up so that he could not pull it in again to him (1 Kings xiii. 4); yehi is third singular imperfect of hayah fuit; ki is the particle of correspondence in quality or in time, ke, which becomes ki before sheva; semōağ, the infinitive of samağ audivit, to which hammelek is nominative (92); debar is construct state of dābār; his is defined by the article with helōhim (88); yislay is third singular imperfect of salax misit; hemōr is infinitive of ḥāmar dixit; tip'sū is second plural imperative of tap as prehendit; tības is third singular feminine of yābās exaruit, agreeing with yad, which is feminine; gal and hel take the suffix like plural nouns; yakōl is third singular imperfect of kalal perficit; hasib is the nominal infinitive Hiphil of sub redire, to cause to return, it is shortened in taking the suffix. multiply 2d sing. art. nation to him made great 2d sing. art. joy (19.) Hirin hag goy lōḥ higdal tā has simxah rejoice 3d pl. perf. at face thy as joy of in art. harvest as which 3d pers. exult samex lepanei ka ke simxa✪ baq qat'ir ka ḥaser yā • gîl · pl. in divide their spoil

ū

θα

.

́ū be xalleq・ām salāl; thou hast multiplied the nation to him, thou hast made great the joy, they have rejoiced before thee according to the joy in harvest, as how they exult in their dividing spoil (Isa. ix. 2); hirbila and higdalta are second singular perfect Hiphil of rabāḥ multus fuit, and gädal magnus fuit; simxa is the construct form of simyah, connected with baqqat'ir as if with a genitive (90); yāgīlū is third plural imperfect of gil exultavit; xalleg is infinitive Piel of xalaq divisit; a subordinate fact is apt to be governed in the

save

me from mouth of lion and from horns of

infinitive. (20.) Hō sigē · nî mi pi haryeh u • miq · qarnēi

buffaloes hear 2d sing. me

rēmim janī · Oā ・ nī; save me from the lion's mouth and from horns of buffaloes hear (and deliver) me (Ps. xxii. 22); hōsiag is imperative Hiphil of yāṣağ, which is not used; qarner is the construct form of gerānīm, plural of qeren horn; ganībā is translated by Gesenius as imperative, the prayer being thought in perfect as accomplished; the last clause

is an example of the constructio prægnans (93). houses of clay who in dust foundation their 3d pl. botter -xomer haser be jāpār yesōd・ ām ye

nedum dwellers of

(21.) Hap sokenei crush pl. them at face of dakkeḥ um lip'enēi

moth

-jās; much less them that dwell in houses of clay, whose foundation is in the dust and whom they crush before the moth (Job iv. 19); sōkenēt is construct form of sōkenim, plural of participle of sakan habitavit; bottei construct of bottim, plural of bayi0; the active third plural is used for passive, are crushed (94); at face of before. and 3d pl. say Naomi to two daughters in law her go pl. fem. kallo ei ·hā lēk'e (22.) Vat homer najomili stei return pl. fem. woman to house of mother her 3d pers. do

=

nah !!

with

・ṣōbe・nāh hiṣṣāh le · bēio ḥim・mah ya · ÿaseh yehōvāḥ ģimm· 2d pl. masc. kindness as how do 2d pl. masc. with art. dead pl. ā · kem Xesed ka haser gasi・ Oem jasī ğim ham mē¤·īm ve· with 1st sing. jimmād i; and Naomi said to her two daughters-in-law, Go, return each to her mother's house; Jehovah deal kindly with you, as ye have dealt with the dead and with me (Ruth i. 8); setei is the construct form of setaim, which is feminine of senaim, two; lēk is imperative of yālak ivit, and sob is imperative of sub redire; yağaseh is third singular imperfect of gasah fecit; gasi@em is second plural perfect of the same, and is masculine though addressed to women, as also is the suffix in gimmākem (96); mē✪ participle agentis of mu✪ mori. (23.) and 3d pers. be because fear pl. art. part. Pi. bring forth pl. accus..art. God and Va yehi ki -yāreḥ'ū ha me yalled 50 hel-ha helohim vay 3d pers. make for 3d pl. masc. houses

ya jas lā hem bottīm, and it came to pass because the midwives feared God that he made for them houses (Exod. i. 21); yağas is third singular jussive of gasah fecit, the suffix in lahem is masculine (96). and 3d pers. come pl. art. shepherds and 3d pers. drive away 3d pl. masc. obj. (24.) Vay ya boḥu ha rog'im va ye gares and 3d pers. stand

ит

vayy asqe hel

and 3d pers. save 3d pl. fem. obj. and 3d pers. water accus. vay ya qom Moseh vay · y ōsig flock 3d pl. masc. -t'ōḥn · ām; and the shepherds came and drove them away, and Moses stood up and helped them and watered their flock (Exod. ii. 17); the verbs are all imperfect, yābōḥū third plural from boh venire, yegaresu third plural Piel from garas pepulit, yaqom third singular jussive of qum surgere, yōsiağ third singular Hiphil of yasağ not used, yasqe third singular jussive Hiphil from saqah bibit; the suffixes -um and -ām refer to the daughters of Reuel mentioned in the preceding verse, and spoken of throughout it in the feminine gender; -an thinks them as feminine because helped by Moses as weak (96). (25.) go near thou and hear accus. all that 3d pers. say God our and Qrab hatah sumag het kol -haser y. humar yehovah helōher'nū ve thou fem. 2d speak_to 1st pl. accus. all that

hat te dabber hel ei • nū heo kol -haser ye'dabber yehovah ḥelohērnā to 2d sing. and hear 1st pl. perf. and do 1st pl. perf.

hel ei kā ve samaj nu ve ÿāsī nu; go thou near and hear all that Jehovah our God shall say, and speak thou unto us all that Jehovah our God shall speak unto thee, and we will hear it and do it (Deut. v. 24); tedabber is second singular imperfect Piel of dabar locutus est, hat feminine, though addressed to Moses perhaps as in contrast to Jehovah (96); the perfects are future completions. (26.) and 3d pl. fem. demon. came pl. into middle of art. house takers of wheat and Ve lên nah bāḥ ū gad tōk habbayi lögexēi xittim vay

and

3d pers. smite him at art. fifth and brother his Niph. escape y akku hu hel -ha xomes vērēkāb ū·bağanāh ḥāɣi · v ni · mlāt · 3d pl. perf. ū; and they came into the midst of the house (as if) fetching wheat, and they smote him at the fifth (rib), and Rekab and Baanahı his brother escaped (2 Sam. iv. 6); yakku is third plural imperfect Hiphil of nākāh not used; hēnnah, they there, is feminine, perhaps because they are thought as coming in with fear and caution (96).

SYRIAC.

"The

99. Syriac, called also Aramaic, was the language of Syria or Aram, the highland country to the north-east of Palestine, as far as the Euphrates; and was spoken there until the Mahommedan conquest caused it to be supplanted by Arabic. It is still represented by some Neo Syriac dialects in the neighbourhood of Lake Urumiyah;1 and is preserved as a liturgical language by the Maronites and Jacobites, though the knowledge of it is said to be dying out. It was a sisterlanguage to Hebrew. And though it is known to us principally in Christian writings, in which it was subject to a strong Greek influence, from the New Testament and the Greek Fathers of the Church, it is not affected in its essential character by this influence. Christian influence," says Fürst, "shows itself in the adoption of Grecisms or entire Greek words or phrases; and in the modification of the existing materials of the language into an accordance with Christian ideas, distinguishing a spiritual meaning from the natural meaning, and forming many abstracts with religious signification. But all this has not made the Syriac an idiom distinguished by peculiarity of structure from the other Aramaic," 3 which was exempt from this influence. Similarly Renan remarks: "On comparing the Chaldee of the fragments of Esdras, which represent to us the Aramean of the fifth century before the Christian era, with the Syriac which is still written in our day, we can hardly discover between texts composed at so long an interval any essential differences. A slight tendency to analysis, the more frequent employment of prepositions, a richer system of particles, a great number of Greek words introduced into the language, such are the only points on which innovations are to be observed. One might say that the Aramean language between the two limits which have been indicated has varied no more than the language of Cicero from that of Ennius." 4

100. The Syriac alphabet is the same as the Hebrew, though the characters differ. But the utterance was stronger in Syriac both in respect of muscular tension and of pressure of breath from the chest, so that it used the harder and more guttural consonants more than Hebrew, and sounded the vowels more fully. Thus very frequently q in Syriac corresponds to k in Hebrew, and sometimes k in Syriac to

5

1 Sayce, Introduction to the Science of Language, vol. ii. p. 171.

2 Renan, Hist. des Langues Semitiques, p. 277.

3 Lehrgebäude der Aramaischen Idiome, p. 6.

Renan, pp. 277, 278.

5 Fürst, sect. 32.

g in Hebrew. Often q in Syriac corresponds to ÿ in Hebrew,2 † in Syriac to t in Hebrew, t in Syriac to d in Hebrew,3 p in Syriac to b in Hebrew, s in Syriac to the weak s or sin in Hebrew,5 t or g' in Syriac tot in Hebrew,6 t in Syriac to s in Hebrew, d or s in Syriac to z in Hebrew.6 In Syriac the t- utterance prevails over the s- utterance, in Hebrew the latter over the former. There is no distinction in writing made as in Hebrew between the hard state of b, g, d, k, p, t, and their soft state after a vowel. N occurs in Syriac for Hebrew m, lor r for n, r for 1.8

In Syriac also a corresponds to Hebrew ō, i or i to Hebrew ě, u or u to Hebrew Ŏ; and, unlike Hebrew (75), Syriac has diphthongs; 10 but sometimes two vowels represent a long vowel intermediate between the two.11

The guttural spirants or aspirates have an affinity for a.11 In Syriac g was uttered so softly as to be often treated like h,12 owing probably to foreign speakers.

The peculiar feature of the Syro-Arabian languages is the opening of the root and the incorporation in it of the vowels which denote the process of the being or doing. In consequence of this mode of expression it is contrary to the general habit of these languages that a syllable should begin with two consonants. And when at the beginning of a word two consonants are not separated by an intervening vowel, a syllable is apt to be prefixed which takes up the first of them as its final consonant. Syriac, however, admits two consonants at the beginning of a syllable, never at the end. But to foreign words beginning with two consonants it often prefixes a syllable beginning with ḥ, sometimes with h or s, or even with x or . Syriac carries this habit of prothesis farther than Hebrew or Arabic, for it sometimes prefixes a prosthetic syllable to a word beginning with a single mute, and this sometimes has the effect of doubling the initial mute.13

The object of this in the latter case seems to be to give more energy to the utterance of the initial by making it stop the voice, for it cannot be regarded as a softening of the initial when in fact it often hardens it by doubling it. It is an effort to utter that consonant with more fulness by strengthening the beginning of it, and corresponds to a tendency to utter with force so as to give both tension and fulness to all the elements. Such superior energy of expression would account for the consonants having more tension and the vowels more fulness in Syriac than in Hebrew. But this is accompanied also by a tendency to save the consonants from being impaired by compression. The latter effort led Syriac to avoid doubled mute consonants, though they sometimes arose from the strengthening of an initial mute by a prosthetic syllable or from assimilation, as hettaqtal from hetḥaqtal, by assimilation of h. The first of the two was mostly replaced by a nasal, usually n, or a vibratile, usually r, or by the lengthening of the pre

1 Fürst, sect. 33. 5 Ibid. sect. 38.

2 Ibid. sect. 34. 3 Ibid. sect. 35. 4 Ibid. sect. 36. 6 Ibid. sect. 39; Cowper, Syriac Gram., sect. 24. 7 Fürst, sect. 40. 8 Cowper, sect. 24. 9 Fürst, sect. 84. 10 Cowper, Syriac Gram., sect. 15; Fürst, sect. 86. 11 Fürst, sect. 87. 12 Cowper, sect. 38. 13 Fürst, sects. 56-58, 60; Cowper, sect. 52.