Hebrew.

§ 75-77. Phonesis as compared with Arabic has less pressure of
breath from the chest, more softness, and a certain indo-
lence; reduced vowel utterance; accent

78. Pronouns and article

79. Forms of the regular verb

80. Object suffixes

81. Gender of the noun

82. Number of the noun

83. Trace of an accusative case; construct state.

84. Affection of the noun with possessive suffixes

85. Numerals; elements of relation

*86. Inaptitude for thinking fine elements separately.

87-92. Weakness of comparative thought, of correlation, and of

the substance of the noun; construction of the numerals;

substitutes for the copula

93. Want of close connection of the verb with the objects and

96, 97. Imperfect concords in number and gender; two negatives

strengthen each other

98. Examples

Syriac.

99. Syriac or Aramaic

100. Phonesis harder and fuller than Hebrew, with more pres-

sure of breath from the chest

105. Derived nouns; nouns in juxtaposition to express a com-

posite idea

110, 111. Adjectives more usual than in Hebrew; constructions

instead of them.

113. Irregularities of gender and number

114, 115. Genitive and construct state, the direct object, construc-

tion of numerals, adjectives, possessive suffix, object suffix

116. Substitutes for the verb substantive

117. More distinction of tense than in Hebrew; expression of

mood; adverbial uses of verbs; irregularities of concord of

verb and subject; constructio prægnans, order of words

106. Number of nouns.

107. Construct state, and emphatic state of nouns
108, 109. Numerals, adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions

112. Emphatic suffix of the noun compared with the definite

article

Ethiopic.

118. Historical sketch of the language

68

119. Makes less use of vowel changes than Arabic, and discrimi-

nates the vowels less

69

§ 120, 121. Phonesis shows a tendency to utter with small pressure

of breath from the chest; the syllable; the accent

*122, 123. Pluriliteral verbal roots; contraction of the object of

thought

124. Forms of the verbal stem

125. Tenses and moods; reduction of subjective process in the

verb.

PAGE

126-128. Formations of nominal stems

129. Distinction of gender

130. Number in nouns

131. Case; construct state

132. Pronouns; object suffixes; affection of nouns and of adjec-

tives with possessive suffixes

133. Numerals; their construction

134. Elements of relation

135. No article; the suffix defines and connects

136. Adverbial expression

137. Connection of the construct state less close than in Arabic

pronominal expression of the genitive

138. Imperfect concords of substantive and adjective, and of verb

and subject; substitute for the copula

139. Order of the words

140. Constructions for the relative pronoun

Amharic.

141. Phonesis softer than Ethiopic and with less pressure of

145. Forms of the verbal stem; tenses, moods, auxiliaries

*146. Approach to the fragmentariness of African speech

147. Prepositions and conjunctions

148. Order of words; concords and governments

149. Example

Tamachek.

150. Spoken by the Tuariks in the Sahara

151. Consonants and vowels

152. Distinction of gender; formation of plural

153. The marks of case, genitive, dative, ablative are prefixed; no

article; numerals have feminine form with feminine noun

155-159. No adjective except participles; person elements of

verb; expression of tense; vowel changes; participles;

derived forms; negation; interrogation

160. Object suffixes; suffixes attracted by any particle which

affects a verb

96

161. Formation of nouns of the action and of the agent

162. Deficient sense of relation; restricted use of adverbs

163. Mixture of African and Syro-Arabian characteristics

164. Example

96

97

97

98

Haussa.

§ 165. Consonants and vowels

166. Formation of nouns; various formations of the plural;

gender principally expressive of sex; cases expressed by

prepositions; few adjectives; order of words

167. Pronouns

168. Verb; a few instances of derived forms; tenses

*171. Reduction in Africa of the object of the act of thought in the

Syro-Arabian languages; as in the Chinese group it is

reduced in approaching to India

PAGE

99

99

100

100

100

100

101

3. Three genders and three numbers of the noun; formations of

nominal stems

104

4. Case endings

105

5. Degrees of comparison of adjectives; distinction of genders

6. Numerals

107

107

nouns

tive, Parasmai and Atmane

7. Declension of pronouns

8-14. Analysis of case endings

15. Verb; strong sense of process; ten conjugations

16. Subjective process

17-23. Person endings of present, imperfect, potential, and impera-

107

109

113

114

115

24. The perfect

120

25. Connective i in non-conjugational parts

120

30-33. Derived verbs, passive, causal, desiderative, intensive

39-41. Synthetic tendency; compounds; thought passes through

them

127

42-44. Features of syntax; examples.

128

*45. Thought spreads in correspondence with the inferior readi

ness of excitability

131

Zend.

46. Language of Bactria

131

47, 48. Phonesis more vocalic than Sanskrit; the words more

49. Three genders; nominal stems, substantive and adjective

133

§ 50, 51. Case endings; degrees of comparison; pronouns

52-57. Development of the verb compared with Sanskrit

58. Prepositions

59. Composition less than in Sanskrit.

PAGE

133

134

136

136

Greek.

60, 61. Phonesis more vocalic than Sanskrit, harder, more active

and versatile; distinct separateness of words

62-64. Declension compared with Sanskrit.

65-75. Conjugation compared with Sanskrit; person endings

secondary tenses; construction of infinitive with accusa-

tive; difference of Greek and Sanskrit passive.

76, 77. Derivative verbal and nominal stems

78. Composition.

79. Accentuation.

Latin.

136

137

139

144

145

145

80. Phonesis less vocalic than Greek, softer, less versatile, with

more pressure of breath from the chest

146

81. Declension

147

82. Comparison of adjectives, Latin, Greek, Zend, and Sanskrit;

ordinal numbers

148

83. Pronouns

149

84-88. Conjugational element compared with Sanskrit ; person

endings; formation of tenses; participles, gerunds, supines;

order of words

92-94. Irish and British. Phonesis of both vocalic in a high

degree; that of Irish indolent, of British soft; rule of

later Irish, broad vowel to broad, slender to slender; diph-

thongal tendency in the south of Ireland; infections of

the vowels; Irish and British.

95-105. Changes of the consonants, Irish and British

106-108. Comparison of Irish and British phonesis; stronger

pressure of breath from the chest in Irish, and a more

Vocal utterance

109, 110. The article in Irish and British

149

152

153

153

153

156

161

162

111-113. Irish and British declension; and degrees of comparison

114, 115. Irish and British pronouns and pronominal elements

116. Primitive system of the Celtic verb

117-119. Prefixed particles, Irish and British

164

166

169

170

120-126. Development of the verb, Irish and British; impersonal

129, 130. Order of words, and other features of syntax in Irish

and British

176

*131. Examples of Old Irish'; fragmentary character corresponding

to Celtic quickness; intonation

178

Teutonic.

§ 132. Teutonic languages. Grimm's law of the changes of the

mutes indicates an increase of breath in the utterance of

the consonants

.

133-136. This seems to have affected the vowels also

137. Old High German more vocalic than Gothic

138. Exceptions to Grimm's law

139. Signs of hardness in the phonesis of High German and of

Anglo-Saxon

140. The increased pressure of breath from the chest was accom-

panied in High German by a more guttural utterance, and

probably a reduced pressure in Swedish and Danish by a

more palatal utterance

141. Influence of the accent

142. The umlaut, its nature.

143-148. The strong declension and the weak (the latter an

arthritic formation, 144) in Gothic, Anglo-Saxon, and

Old High German

149. The strong and weak declension of adjectives

PAGE

183

185

188

188

190

190

190

191

150, 151. Both show a weakness of comparative thought

152. Formation of degrees of comparison in adjectives

153. Cardinal numerals; their declension

Sanskrit

154-156. Pronouns; their declension analysed and compared with

157, 158. The Teutonic verb has only a present tense and a past,

each having an indicative and an ideal form; their forma-

tion and person endings in Gothic

159. The weak conjugation due to the process not penetrating the

root; remains of passive in Gothic

160, 161. The strong and the weak conjugation in Anglo-Saxon

and Old High German

162. Anomalous verbs; auxiliary verbs

163. Composition .

193

198

199

202

202

202

206

209

211

212

213

164. Gender of nouns

214

165. Negation

215

166. Subjectivity of the verb in the Teutonic languages

167. Active infinitive and participle used for passive".

168. Teutonic thought was not apt to think the subject as

the infinitive less subjective than in Greek

169. Gothic expression of Greek tenses; growth of compound tenses

170. Anglo-Saxon and Old Norse use the personal pronouns dual

and plural instead of copulative conjunction

216

217

218

171. Use of the article in Teutonic; suffixed in Old Norse

172. Order of words

218

219

*173. Spreading tendency of Teutonic thought, in correspondence

with slower excitability

219

174. Lithuanian dialects

Lithuanian.

175-178. Phonesis tenacious, with weak pressure of breath, and

indolent; betrays Finnish influence, but more in the

northern dialect than in the southern

179. After a short vowel the consonant sounds double to a German

ear

220

221

223