refemblance of form, the appellation was given of chevaux. de-frize. The head-quarters of the army at this time were at a place called German-town, fix miles from Philadelphia -the encampment croffing the village at right angles about the centre. General Washington, who was pofted in a ftrong position at the distance of about fixteen miles on the banks of the Schuylkil, and who had kept a watchful eye on the movements of the enemy, thinking this a favorable opportunity of attack, decamped in the evening of the 3d of October, and, marching all night, arrived at three in the morning at German-town. The fortieth regiment, commanded by colonel Mufgrave, who were first attacked, made so gallant a resistance that the whole army had time to form; and major general Grey bringing up the left wing by a rapid and seasonable movement, the Americans were reduced to act on the defenfive, and, after a conflict maintained for several hours in darkness and confufion, were compelled to retreat, but with fo little lofs that they carried off with them their whole train of artillery. Though the disappointment of the enemy was great, the English commander had little reason to boast of his victory; the killed and wounded in this engagement confiderably exceed ed the lofs at Brandywine, and it was perceived with fenfible chagrin that the Americans had become no mean proficients in the art of war. A neceffary work of very great importance and no small difficulty was now to be attempted in the attack of the works at Red Bank, and the oppofite island, which commanded the paffage of the Delawar, without the free navigation of which neither fleet nor army could winter at Philadelphia. On the 22d of October an effort was made, by a numerous body of Heffians commanded by colonel Donop, to ftorm the fortress of Red Bank; but, after displaying much bravery, they were repulfed with prodigious flaughter. An unusually fierce attack was at the fame time made by the fhipping on the works of Fort Ifland, on which they made made little impreffion; and the Augufta man of war; and Merlin floop, in avoiding the chevaux-de-frize, were stranded, and the Augufta by accident blown up. On the 15th of November the attack was renewed with a more formidable force; and the works being now nearly demolished, the garrison retired in the night across the river in boats to Red Bank, which was alfo foon afterwards evacuated, for reasons which do not fufficiently appear. The chevaux-de-frize were now weighed with great difficulty, and the free navigation of the river reftored; but winter was by this time approaching, the season for action had elapsed, and no farther military or naval enterprises of moment were attempted during the short remainder of the campaign. While fuch was the disappointment resulting from a fucceffion of victories in the fouth, it will now be neceffary to advert to the terrible consequences of defeat and disaster in the north. After the evacuation of Canada by the Americans, in the fummer of 1776, incredible exertions were made on the part of the English to acquire a naval fuperiority on Lake Champlain, so neceffary to the success of their future projects. A fleet of above thirty vessels, all carrying cannon, was in about three months little lefs than created, though a few of the largest were re-constructions, having been first framed and fent over from Great Britain. The American fleet, though not inconfiderable, was by no means equal to cope with this great force. It is remarkable that the two fleets were commanded by land officers, general Carleton and general Arnold being equally ambitious to fupport on a new element the reputation they had acquired by their military skill and conduct. Early on the 11th of October 1776, the British armament, proceeding up the lake, discovered the enemy's fleet drawn up with great judgment, in a line extending from the ifland of Valicourt to the western main. A warm action enfued, in which the Americans, notwithstanding the extraordinary courage and intrepid efforts of their commander, were entirely entirely defeated. General Arnold was under the neceffity of setting fire to his own fhip, the congrefs galley, to prevent her falling into the hands of the English, not quitting her however till she was actually in flames; and with nice and dangerous attention to the point of honor keeping his flag flying to the laft moment. Thus was Lake Champlain recovered, the enemy's force being nearly deftroyed-a few fmall veffels only making their efcape to Ticonderoga. Crown Point, on this difaftrous event, was immediately abandoned, and the American force concentrated at Ticonderoga; which being adjudged too ftrongly defended to be attacked with fuccefs at this advanced feason, general Carleton now put his troops into winter cantonments in Canada. In all the complex and hazardous operations of the Canadian war, general Carleton had conducted himself with equal judgment, vigor, and fuccefs; and his generous and humane treatment of the prifoners which had fallen into his hands, formed a ftriking contraft to the barbarity which pervaded the military prifons of New York. Of the Indians in his fervice general Carleton had made a very sparing use, and at the end of the campaign they were difiniffed on a general promise of returning when called for. But it was believed that he had, in his dispatches to England, ftrongly remonftrated against the employment of favages in any shape whatever in the farther profecution of this war. Whether on this or on other accounts offence was taken at his conduct, cannot certainly be known; but, to the surprise, and no doubt to the chagrin of the governor, general- Burgoyne, who had passed the winter in England, arrived early in the fpring of 1777 in America, with a commiffion appointing him general of the northern army beyond the limits of the province of Canada. The plan of the intended expedition fouthward of the lakes had been entirely concerted between the American secretary and general Burgoyne, who, to use his own courtly language, "had thrown himself at his majefty's FEET, to be employed in any way that he thought proper." In pursuance of this plan, general Burgoyne proceeded up Lake Champiain, and landed a little to the northward of Crown Point, where he met the Indians in congrefs, and in compliance with their customs gave them a WAR FEAST; and in an harangue which he afterwards made to these favages, he endeavored to excite their ardor, and at the fame time to reprefs their barbarity— incompatibilities which no art or eloquence could hope to reconcile. This was followed (June 1777) by a manifefto, in which the general, in language approaching the oriental style of exaggeration and bombast, strove to inspire the Ame'ricans with terror, by a representation of the irresistible force which he commanded, and to awe them into fubmiffion by menaces, which produced no other effect than, by exciting their utmost resentment and deteftation, to rouse them more ftrongly into action*. After a short stay at Crown Point, the army proceeded under convoy of the shipping on the lake to Ticonderoga, a post of uncommon natural ftrength, and rendered famous by the difaftrous attack made upon it by general Abercrombie in the preceding war. Here the Americans appeared to be in great force, and they had bestowed infinite labor in repairing the old works and in adding new, fo that the fiege of this fortrefs was confidered as an enterprise of great hazard and difficulty; but, on the first approach of the English, it was fuddenly and unaccountably evacuated by the garrison on the night of the 5th of July, by direction of the commander ge neral *Such was the fanguine and favage fpirit which breathed throughout this infamous proclamation, unparalleled except in ONE very recent instance, that the following lines from Shakespeare's Timon of Athens were not unhappily applied to it as a kind of comment or paraphrafe : -Let not thy fword skip onė. Pity not honored age for his white beard. Strike me the matron-Let not the virgin's cheek neral St. Clair, leaving behind them their artillery, provifions, and stores. No fooner had the firft dawn of the morning discovered the flight of the enemy, than preparations were made for a vigorous purfuit both by land and water. The main body of the Americans were quickly overtaken and entirely defeated by general Frazer; and their remaining naval force, which had rendefvoused at Skenefborough, was deftroyed by general Burgoyne. The fugitive Americans retreated with the utmost precipitation to Fort Edward, on the north of Hudfon's River, where general Schuyler, commander in chief of the American northern army, had fixed his head quarters. The British army, highly elated at the rapid feries of fucceffes which had hitherto attended them, now exerted indefatigable industry in clearing the Wood Creek, which is a continuation of Lake Champlain, from the obftacles which impeded the paffage of the batteaux; and in conveying gunboats, provifion-veffels, and batteaux, over land into Lake George. From Fort Anne, at the extremity of the Wood Creek, where the batteaux-navigation ends, to Fort Edward, a distance scarcely exceeding twenty miles, the difficulties attending the march of the army were inconceivably great. In this fhort space they had no less than forty bridges to conftruct, one of which was over a morafs two miles in extent, and the roads were every where obftructed by large timber trees laid across with their branches interwoven. The heavy train of artillery which accompanied the army was alfo found a great incumbrance, and it was not without infinite labor and perfeverance that on the 20th of July general Burgoyne fixed his head-quarters at Fort Edward-the Americans having now retired to Saratoga. The joy with which the fight of the North River, fo long the object of their hopes and wishes, inspired the army, feemed to be confidered as an ample compensation for all their labors; and with unremitted ardor they now bent all their efforts to bring forward provifions and ftores from Fort George, at the extremity of the |